This exploratory study led to improvements in the program and recommendations for further research. A study on the effectiveness of the program is the next step.”
“Background

For AC220 solubility dmso the past two decades, a mathematical model of micturition was built step by step. Fundamental studies, presentations of the model and several applications to various male and female lower urinary tract dysfunctions have been published. We expect now that other teams will be interested in using it. In order to do so, a VBN pack (software in Linux and tutorial) is freely available.

Aims

The purpose of this review is to describe the model and to show its practical usefulness.

Materials and Methods

After a short

description of the basis of the model and of how to use it, some published applications were summed up. The main application of the VBN model is to obtain a coherent modelling for a given patient from a set of several recordings (free uroflows and pressure-flow study) obtained either during the same session or in follow up.

Results

This experience gradually led us to study what information could be extracted from a free uroflow. In addition, the model is valuable to quickly compute the effect of some additional condition; thus, it Selleckchem MGCD0103 can predict the effect

of an experimental artefact (urethral catheter, penile cuff).

Conclusion

Because the process of fitting model computations and real recordings is a powerful way to detect unexpected phenomena, the use of the VBN model provides a method to improve the knowledge of misunderstood dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:361-366, 2014.

(c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical features, course, outcome, and prognostic indicators in lupus membranous nephritis (LMN) and to compare data of “”pure”" LMN vs “”mixed”" forms.

Methods: We retrospectively examined medical records and kidney biopsies of 103 patients with a diagnosis of LMN.

Results: Sixty-seven patients had “”pure”" LMN and 36 had “”mixed”" forms. Patients with mixed LMN had more frequent nephrotic syndrome (66.6 vs 44.7%, P = 0.05), low C3 (83.3 vs 62.6%, P = 0.05) and C4 (80.5 vs 52.2%, P = 0.005), anti-DNA positivity (86.0 vs PF-00299804 mw 62.6%, P = 0.03), and a tendency toward a lower creatinine clearance (93 +/- 29 vs 112 +/- 50 mL/min, P = 0.07). Moreover, mixed membranous nephritis had a higher activity and chronicity index (6.5 +/- 2.1 vs 1.4 +/- 2.03, P = 0.005 and 2.4 +/- 1.7 vs 1.4 +/- 1.8, P = 0.0001, respectively). Methylprednisolone pulses and immunosuppressive therapy were more often used in patients with mixed forms (86.1 vs 60.6%, P = 0.016 and 83.3 vs 57.5%, P = 0.008, respectively). After a mean follow-up of 156.5 +/- 104.5 months, there was no difference in the 2 subgroups concerning the number of patients achieving remission and patient/renal survival (94.5 vs 94.0% and 85.8 vs 86% at 10 years).

Men had higher initiation and continued therapy, but these effects were largely explained by their younger age. Type of statin initially prescribed did not influence continued usage.

Conclusion: Statin use after MI increased markedly between 1997 and 2006, whilst continued therapy remained high and stable. Importantly, first choice of statin had no effect on continuation. Whilst the high current levels

of initiation may have reached a ceiling, increasing continuation rates among smokers, older patients and those from lower socio-economic groups, should remain a priority. (C) Selleckchem LY2606368 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To clarify the role of p53 in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the effect of BNCT on oral SCC xenografts with either wild-type or mutant-type p53 was examined.

Materials and methods: Oral SCC cells expressing either wild-type (SAS/neo) or mutant-type p53 (SAS/mp53) were used to produce nude

mouse tumours. Tumour-bearing mice received boronophenylalanine (BPA) at a dose of 250 mg/kg and tumours were exposed to neutron irradiation.

Results: After BNCT, the growth of SAS/neo and SAS/mp53 tumours was suppressed remarkably and all tumours learn more became undetectable within two weeks. However, three of six SAS/mp53 tumours showed regrowth in two months. Histological examination of BNCT-treated tumours revealed chromosomal condensation, micronucleation, nuclear segmentation and intra-and intercelluar vacuolation. Notably, multinucleated giant cells appeared in SAS/mp53 tumours early after BNCT, suggesting mitotic catastrophe. In SAS/mp53 tumours treated with BNCT, a rapid decrease in phosphorylated cell division cycle 2 (cdc2) and a high level of cyclin B1, required for premature mitosis, were observed.

Conclusion: These results indicate that BNCT suppressed oral SCC xenografts in nude mice efficiently, but cells survived in mutant-type p53 tumours. BNCT induces multinucleation which represents prestage of apoptosis or necrosis in oral SCC with click here mutant-type p53, but it may be also associated with the recurrence of BNCT-treated tumours.”
“The so-called Voronkov criterion states that the dominant intrinsic point

defect in a silicon single crystal grown from a melt is determined by the ratio of pulling speed over temperature gradient near the melt/solid interface. Above a critical value of this ratio, the crystal is vacancy-rich, while for a ratio below this value, the crystal is interstitial-rich. Applying the Voronkov criterion implies, however, intrinsic point defect diffusivities and/or thermal equilibrium concentrations that can differ strongly from those experimentally determined using self- and metal-diffusion experiments. Furthermore, for a given hot zone, crystal diameter, and length, the thermal gradient itself at the melt/solid interface is a function of the pulling speed, so that the criterion in principle can be replaced by one for the thermal gradient only.

(c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 257-264, 2011″
“The aim of study was to investigate factors predicting persistence or relapse of disease after cervical conisation for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (CIN 2 or 3).

The study involved 78 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, conservatively treated with loop electroexcision selleck chemical procedure for cervical conisation and subsequent with CO(2) laser-vaporisation of the cervical bed. Histological specimens were totally included and examined by an experienced pathologist. To evaluate the efficacy of treatment, the patients were examined with colposcopy

and Pap smear 4 months after surgery and with PCR to

search for and genotyping of HPV, 10 months after treatment.

During the post-treatment follow-up, the cytologic examination showed persistent/relapsing disease in six patients (7.6%). In only 1 case, the deep margin of Selleck BMS-345541 the cone was considered positive for CIN (16%).Ten months after treatment, viral typing revealed the persistence of high-risk HPV in all of these patients. Conversely, the viral follow-up of the other 72 patients without persisting/relapsing disease after treatment disclosed low-risk HPV genotypes in 6 cases, high-risk HPV in 2 cases (2.7%), whereas 7 cases had positive margins for CIN (9.7%). The risk of persistence and relapse of CIN in the group with positive margins was not statistically significant (P = 0.87), whereas it was

in the group with HR-HPV positive (P = 0.000048).

HPV testing is the most sensitive mean of identifying persistence or relapse early and is therefore capable of optimising follow-up after the treatment of high-grade CIN.”
“We report the dramatic change of gapless semiconductor properties by different chemical doping elements of Co and Mn into PbPdO2. The metal-insulatorlike transition temperature T-MI = 100 K for PbPdO2 shifts to a higher temperature of 150 K by the Co doping see more and to a lower temperature of 70 K by the Mn doping. Because of the anisotropic band structure with the majority of heavy holes and the minority of light electrons, the transport and magnetic properties are significantly changed by the chemical doping elements. At low temperatures, the Co doping enhances ferromagnetic interactions, whereas the Mn doping favors antiferromagnetic interactions. These results are of great interests because you can control the magnetic ordering as well as manipulate the carrier density by changing the doping elements. These materials could be a good candidate for spintronics applications. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3554218]“
“In this study, the dielectric properties and alternating-current (ac) conductivity of Au/(PVA/Ni,Zn acetates)/n-Si Schottky diodes (SDs) were determined by the measurement impedance technique.

A particular fixation technique of the mesh to the abdominal wall is required, which should be strong

enough to prevent migration of the mesh and, at the same time, keep injury to the abdominal wall minimal to prevent postoperative discomfort and pain.

An extensive literature search was performed in the PubMed database from its onset until November 2012. All series of at least 30 patients operated by laparoscopy for a ventral hernia, with the use of a standardized surgical technique well-defined in the “”Methods”" section, and with a follow-up of at least 12 months were included. The series were categorized according to the technique of mesh fixation described: “”tacks and sutures,”" “”tacks only,”" and “”sutures only.”" For each treatment group, the recurrence rate was adjusted to the number of patients treated Nirogacestat mw and the 95 % confidence interval was calculated. No overlap between two intervals was defined as a significant difference in recurrence rate.

A total learn more of 25 series were included for statistical evaluation. Thirteen

trials used both tacks and sutures, ten used only tacks, and two used only sutures. Overall recurrence rate was 2.7 % (95 % CI [1.9-3.4 %]).

None of the currently available mesh fixation techniques used for LVHR was found to be superior in preventing hernia recurrence as well as in reducing abdominal wall pain. The pain reported was remarkably high with all different fixation PND-1186 ic50 devices. Further research to develop solid and atraumatic fixation devices is warranted.”
“Background: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are primarily used in the pharmacological treatment of patients experiencing a major depressive disorder. However, one of the common unwanted effects is excessive sweating

or hyperhidrosis. Oxybutynin is an anticholinergic medication which reduces sweating. The aim of this double-blind study was to examine the effect of administration of oxybutynin on subjective sweating in patients treated with sertraline.

Methods: A total of 140 patients experiencing a major depressive disorder (mean age 37.69 +/- 10.44 years, 86 females [61.4%]) treated with sertraline (mean dose 83 mg/day) were consecutively enrolled in the study, and all reported excessive sweating as a side effect. Thereafter, the patients were randomly assigned to either an oxybutynin 5 mg/day group or to a placebo group. At the beginning and end of the 2-week trial, the patients completed questionnaires related to sweating and medication-related side effects.

Results: Over time, subjective sweating reduced significantly in the treatment group as compared with the control group. Oxybutynin-induced side effects were uncommon. Relative to male patients, female patients reported less subjective sweating.

Changes of GSNOR activity CP 456773 after exposure to different abiotic stress conditions, including low and high temperature, continuous dark and de-etiolation, and mechanical injury, were investigated in important agricultural plants. Significantly higher GSNOR activity was found under normal conditions in leaves of Cucumis spp. genotype sensitive to biotrophic pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum. GSNOR activity was generally increased in all studied plants by all types of stress conditions. Strong down-regulation of GSNOR was observed in hypocotyls of etiolated pea plants, which did not recover to values of

green plants even 168 h after the transfer of etiolated plants to normal light regime. These results point to important role of GSNOR during normal plant development LOXO-101 order and in plant responses to several types of abiotic stress conditions.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate changes in high-risk women’s knowledge of cervical cancer prevention, human papillomavirus (HPV), and HPV vaccination since introduction and marketing of HPV vaccines.

METHODS: At study visits in 2007 and 2008-2009, women with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and at-risk comparison women in a multicenter U.S. cohort study completed 44-item self-report questionnaires exploring

their knowledge of cervical cancer prevention, HPV, and HPV vaccination. Results from 2007 were compared with those obtained in 2008-2009. Knowledge scores were correlated with demographic variables, measures of education and attention, and medical factors. Significant associations were assessed in multivariable models.

RESULTS: HIV-seropositive women

had higher knowledge scores than seronegative women at baseline (13.2 +/- 5.7 compared with 11.8 +/- 6.0, P<.001) and follow-up (14.1 +/- 5.3 compared with 13.2 +/- 5.5, P=.01), but the change in scores was similar (0.9 +/- 5.3 compared with Epigenetics inhibitor 1.5 +/- 5.5, P=.13). Knowledge that cervical cancer is caused by a virus rose significantly (P=.005), but only to 24%. Belief that cervical cancer is preventable only rose from 52% to 55% (P=.04), but more than 90% of women in both periods believed regular Pap testing was important. In analysis of covariance models, higher baseline score, younger age, higher education level, higher income, and former-as opposed to never-drug users, but not HIV status, were associated with improved knowledge.

CONCLUSION: High-risk women’s understanding of cervical cancer and HPV has improved, but gaps remain. Improvement has been weakest for less educated and lower-income women. (Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:941-7)”
“The article is a review of information concerning etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Due to the risk of serious complications, including death, the clarification of etiology could result in substantial improvement or even complete cure of the disease.

Objective. We sought to answer the following clinical questions: (1) Is structured exercise more effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain (LBP) than spinal manipulative therapy (SMT)? (2) Is structured exercise AZD1480 concentration more effective in the treatment of chronic LBP than acupuncture? (3) Is SMT more effective in the treatment of chronic LBP than acupuncture? (4) Do certain subgroups respond more favorably to specific treatments? (5) Are any of these treatments more cost-effective than the others?

Summary of Background Data. Exercise, SMT, and acupuncture are widely used interventions in the treatment of chronic LBP. There is evidence

that all of these approaches may offer some benefit for patients with chronic LBP when compared with usual care or no treatment. The relative benefits or

cost-effectiveness of any one of these treatments when compared with the others are less well-defined, and it is difficult to identify specific subgroups of those with chronic LBP who may preferentially respond to a particular treatment www.selleckchem.com/products/hsp990-nvp-hsp990.html modality.

Methods. A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify randomized controlled trials comparing a structured exercise program, SMT, or acupuncture with one another in patients with chronic LBP.

Results. Two studies were identified comparing the use of structured exercise with SMT that met our inclusion criteria. Although these studies utilized different approaches for the exercise and SMT treatment groups, patients in both groups improved in terms of pain and function in both studies. Using random-effects modeling, there was no difference between the exercise and SMT groups when the data from these studies were pooled. We identified no studies meeting our inclusion criteria that compared acupuncture with either structured exercise or SMT or that addressed

the relative cost-effectiveness of these approaches in the treatment of patients with chronic LBP.

Conclusion. The studies identified indicate that structured exercise and SMT appear to offer equivalent benefits in terms of pain and functional improvement for those with chronic LBP with clinical benefits evident within 8 weeks of care. However, the level of evidence find more is low. There is insufficient evidence to comment on the relative benefit of acupuncture compared with either structured exercise or SMT or to address the differential effects of structured exercise, SMT, or acupuncture for specific subgroups of individuals with chronic LBP. There is also insufficient evidence regarding the relative cost-effectiveness of structured exercise, SMT, or acupuncture in the treatment of chronic LBP.

Clinical Recommendations. Structured exercise and SMT appear to offer equivalent benefits in the management of pain and function for patients with nonspecific chronic LBP.

The interplay of other recognition systems, such as the self-incompatibility response and interspecific interactions, on regulating post-pollination events and selecting for compatible pollen-pistil interactions will also be explored.”
“Nanocrystalline Bi2Te3 was produced by mechanical alloying and its properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS). Combining the XRD and RS results, the volume fraction of the interfacial component in as-milled and annealed samples was estimated. The PAS results suggest that the contribution of the interfacial component to the thermal diffusivity

of nanostructured β-Nicotinamide order Bi2Te3 is very

significant. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3520658]“
“Many transplant programs utilize liver grafts from hepatitis-B core antibody (HBcAb)-positive and hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative donors. However, there is risk for de novo hepatitis B (DNH) in recipients of these grafts. We reviewed 26 studies reporting the rates of DNH in recipients receiving HBcAb-positive liver grafts. Four hundred and sixty-two donor-recipient pairs were included to evaluate the risk of DNH stratified by the recipient’s immune status to hepatitis B and type of prophylactic learn more therapy given, if any. The rate of DNH was highest (58%) in the stratum of hepatitis-B (HBV) naive recipients who did not receive prophylaxis. In HBV naive

recipients, prophylactic therapy (lamivudine and/or hepatitis-B immunoglobulin – HBIG) reduced DNH to 11% (odds ratio [OR] = 11.1, 95% CI 4.98-25, p < 0.0001 for DNH without prophylaxis). Recipients with hepatitis-B surface antibody (HBsAb) positivity had DNH rates of 18% without prophylaxis and 0% with prophylaxis (OR = 9.2, 95% CI 1.1-83.3, p = 0.039). Recipients with both HBsAb and HBcAb positivity had DNH rates of 4% without prophylaxis and 3% with prophylaxis (p = 1.00), while recipients with HBcAb positivity alone had DNH rates of 14% without prophylaxis selleck chemicals and 3% with prophylaxis (p = 0.21). There was no significant difference between the types of HBV prophylaxis received whether lamivudine, HBIG or both. However, in the subgroup who received HBIG alone, rates of DNH were higher after cessation of HBIG prophylaxis compared to DNH rates with indefinite HBIG (p = 0.0002). In summary, the risk of DNH is highest for HBV naive liver recipients from HBcAb-positive donors. Recipients who are HBV naive as well as those recipients with isolated HBsAb positivity derive significant benefit from HBV prophylaxis after transplantation with a HBcAb-positive graft. The ideal prophylactic regimen for prevention of DNH is unclear, but based on our analysis of the literature, antivirals alone may suffice.

(C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Stratum corneum (SC) readily dislodgeable exfoliation could affect percutaneous absorption and thus influence treatment and toxicological

effects. Urea, a classical enhancer, is absorbed less than 1% in vivo in man and might be a useful marker to quantify chemical-drug exfoliation. This study develops a simple model utilizing washing and tape-stripping to quantify surface loss of chemicals topically applied on human skin and estimate the extent of chemical-drug SC exfoliation.

Methods: Urea, 10% as a model hydrophilic chemical marker, was applied to human skin on identical sites (5 cm(2)/area with 1.8 mg/cm(2) urea) INCB028050 in vitro in vitro and in vivo. At time points 0, 4, and 6 h, the area was washed, rubbed, and stripped five times with cellophane tape. Quantitative urea was performed by colorimetric assay.

Results: The data of the in vitro protected non-exfoliating model, as the control, showed no statistical difference between 0-, 4-, and 6-h recovery (P > 0.05). In the air-exposed model in vivo exfoliation

in man, the recovery decreased from 98.8 +/- 3.7% to 93.9 +/- 6.8% in 4 h and 86.4 +/- 3.0% in 6 h (P = 0.02). In the cloth-covered model in vivo, the recovery decreased from 99.4 +/- 5.8% to 84.9 +/- 5.3% in 4 h (P = 0.04), which reached 73 +/- 2.8% within 6 h (P = 0.007).

Conclusions: This study suggests that urea, measured with washing, rubbing, and tape-stripping, can be used as a possible chemical-drug SC readily dislodgeable exfoliation and friction rubbing metric. In addition, this might help to determine the rule of skin exfoliation LY3039478 mw in dermatopharmacologic and dermatoxicologic assessment.”
“Objectives: Preliminary studies using botulinum toxin (BTX) have demonstrated some benefits in

treating interstitial cystitis (IC)/painful bladder syndrome (PBS) pain. The purpose of this study was GSK2245840 ic50 to investigate the efficacy of a periurethral injection of BTX to block urethral visceral and somatic afferent fibers, for the treatment of IC/PBS. Methods: Twenty adult women with IC/PBS were identified from the Female Urology Clinic at our hospital. Symptom evaluation was performed using a female modification of the Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (CPSI), AUA Symptom Index, Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and symptom improvement Visual Analog Scale (VAS). All patients were randomized to receive either botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) or placebo (normal saline). Patients randomized to BTX-A received 50U diluted in 2 cm(3) normal saline injected periurethrally. The physician and patient were blinded to the treatment. Results: BTX was administered to nine women. There were no complications or side effects reported. There was no improvement between placebo and BTX-A groups in the CPSI score at 3-month follow-up (P=0.97).

The use of metallic implants in an infected area of the spine is safe. The metallic implants may not be the “”culprit”" for the persistence or recurrence

of infection.”
“Introduction: The topic of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has been receiving an enormous amount of interest in recent times; however, this review is not a review of what CIN is, but what it is not.

Methods: We will review the main topics demonstrating that the post hoc ergo propter hoc assumption that renal impairment occurring after contrast medium (CM) infusion is necessarily because of it, is wrong, as we are Lazertinib inhibitor dealing with different diseases, depending on the way the CM is administered and on the type of patient.

Results: After >1,000 often repetitive papers, we must deal with an unacceptably wide range of incidences of CIN, with completely different prognoses and astonishingly conflicting results regarding the efficacy of preventive measures with the exception of hydration. So what went wrong? How to separate tares from wheat? When years ago we challenged the diagnosis of CIN, the words cholesterol embolism had never appeared

in this setting. Now, we can split the possible renal dysfunctions following CM administration into CM-related FK228 ic50 hemodynamic and/or tubular damage, cholesterol embolism, ischemia from acute blood loss or hypotension/hypoperfusion and nephrotoxicity from concomitant drugs.

Conclusions: In a setting regarding millions of patients and millions of dollars/year, in order to clarify the true

renal damage directly related to CM, we ask for prospective studies differentiating cohorts receiving intravenous and intra-arterial, transradial and transfemoral injections, and clinically relevant renal outcomes, thus avoiding the dangers that can come from the idolatry of a surrogate end point such an asymptomatic 25% transient increase of serum creatinine. To avoid that, patients may lose the possibility of a more useful radiological diagnosis, because of an exaggerated suspicion of risk.”
“The treatment of spinal infection remains a challenge for spinal surgeons because of the variable presentations and complicated course. The diagnostic and OSI-744 inhibitor therapeutic value of percutaneous endoscopic lavage and drainage (PELD) has been proved in some recent studies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of PELD in patients with advanced infectious spondylitis which may traditionally require open surgery.

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 21 patients who underwent PELD to treat their advanced lumbar infectious spondylitis. Patients with severe infection resulting in significant neurological deficit and mechanical instability were excluded from the PELD procedure, which was only used on selected patients with less severe disease.

In this study, 1804 persons from the general population aged over 60 years visiting BMS-777607 clinical trial health examination centers were tested for syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, and interviewed about the patterns of sexual behavior of elderly people through questionnaires. The prevalence rates of syphilis,

gonorrhea, and chlamydia recorded were 0.222% (4/1804), 0 (none), and 0.776% (14/1804), respectively. The results of the survey showed that the sexual life of the elderly people was currently active, and the sexual behavior of chlamydia patients was distinguished in some characteristics from that of the general participants. Political management to prevent sexually transmitted infections needs to be continued in elderly people as it is in other age groups. More detailed follow-up studies are necessary to determine the incidence and prevalence rates of the diseases in the elderly population in future, and the results of this study are considered to be useful as basic data for such studies.”
“Familial spinal muscular atrophy (FSMA) associated with the vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB) gene is a β-Nicotinamide research buy rare autosomal dominant disease with late onset and slow progression. We studied 10 of 42 patients from 5 families

by taking clinical histories and performing physical exams, electrophysiological studies, and genetic tests. All patients presented late onset disease with slow progression characterized by fasciculations, proximal weakness, amyotrophy, and hypoactive deep tendon reflex, except two who exhibited brisk reflex. Two patients showed tongue fasciculations and respiratory insufficiency. Electrophysiological studies revealed patterns

of lower motor neuron disease, and genetic testing identified a P56S mutation of the VAPB gene. Although it is a rare motor neuron disease, GDC-0973 in vivo FSMA with this mutation might be much more prevalent in Brazil than expected, and many cases may be undiagnosed. Genetic exams should be performed whenever it is suspected in Brazil.”
“Background and Purpose: The treatment of symptomatic lower pole (LP) calculi poses a challenge because of lower clearance rates. We present our experience with microperc in the treatment of LP renal calculi.

Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the symptomatic patients with LP renal calculi who underwent microperc between August 2011 and June 2012 from two referral hospitals. Patients were included only in cases of failure after shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and according to patient preference. The percutaneous renal access was performed using the 4.8F “”all-seeing needle”" with C-arm fluoroscopy or ultrasonographic guidance with the patient in the prone position. Stone disintegration was established using a 200 mu m holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser fiber.

Results: A total of 21 patients (mean age 37.3 +/- 20.1 years) with LP stone underwent microperc.