Schmaier Eva Schmelzer Marcus Schwaiger Frank Sciurba James A. Shayman Donna Shewach Rebecca Shilling Vijay Shivaswamy Imad Shureiqi Stephen Skaper Melissa Snyder Osama Soliman Peter Sporn Jack Stapleton Sokrates Stein Arthur Strauch Bodo Eckehard Strauer selleck chemicals llc Jakob Strom Hong-shuo Sun Mark Sussman Kathy Svoboda Andrew Talal Sakae Tanaka Jose Tanus-Santos Milton Taylor Beverly Teicher Patricia Teixeira Daniela Tirziu Jorn Tongers Jordi Torrelles Niels Tørring Cory Toth George C. Tsokos Antonino Tuttolomondo

Dimitrios Tziafas Mark Udden Mohammad Uddin Terry G. Unterman Celalettin Ustun Nosratola Vaziri Jelena Vekic Hector Ventura Gregory M. Vercellotti Vassilis Voudris Jil Waalen Hiroo Wada Richard L. Wahl Qin Wang Chunyu Wang Lorraine Ware Saman Warnakulasuriya Donald Wesson Christof Westenfelder “
“The Editors of Translational Research have retracted the article titled “Desalted deep-sea water improves cognitive function in mice by increasing the production of insulin-like growth factor-I in the hippocampus” by Harada et al. After an Investigation Committee on Scientific Misconduct was formed at Nagoya City University to investigate 19 articles written by Drs. Naoaki

Harada and Kenji Okajima, the committee brought one article, published in Translational Research, to our attention. The committee concluded that Figures 4D, 4E, 4G and 4H in Translational Research (Harada et al., 2011) were derived from the same photograph as Figures 8D, 8E, 8G learn more and 8H in the Journal this website of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Narimatsu et al., 2009). While Figures D and G represent control data in both articles, Figures 4E and 4H and Figures 8E and 8H represent data from two different sets of animals treated with either desalted deep sea water or donepezil, respectively. The Nagoya City University

Committee concluded that Figure 4 in Translational Research (Harada et al., 2011) contains fabricated data. After the Committee pointed out these fabrications to the authors, they replaced Figures 4A-4I and an Erratum was published in Translational Research (Transl Res. 2011 Dec;158(6):387). However, the Committee has informed us that they have been unsuccessful in confirming that the new figures are the appropriate ones. Attempts to contact Drs. Harada and Okajima were made through the Nagoya Committee, and the authors declined to respond. The Editors “
“We wish to acknowledge the outstanding contribution of our reviewers and Editorial Advisory Board. The quality and breadth of the Journal is only made possible by the dedicated efforts of our reviewers. Joseph Ahearn S. Ansar Ahmed Ziyad Al-Aly Mary Alpaugh Ajjai Alva Elias Anaissie David Archer Lois Arend Robert F. Ashman Muhammad Ashraf Ravi Ashwath Pal Aukrust Edwin Avery Abul Azad Rathindranath Baral Robert P.

The Hsp90 machinery mediates the folding, maturation, activation, and assembly of various proteins involved in signal transduction,

transcriptional regulation, and cell cycle control [1]. Many of these client proteins are oncogenic. Therefore, a great advantage of the use of Hsp90 inhibitors is that multiple key oncogenic proteins can be disrupted simultaneously [2]. The geldanamycin see more derivative 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), or tanespimycin, was the first Hsp90 inhibitor that entered clinical trials [3]. There are now about 14 inhibitors of Hsp90 function undergoing clinical trials, which belong to different structural classes [4]. All of them bind to a conserved pocket in the NH2-terminal ATP-binding domain of Hsp90, inhibiting its activity. Geldanamycin and its derivatives belong to the benzoquinone ansamycin class, which was found to inhibit expression of the oncogene c-myc [5] and to cause inactivation [6] and degradation of the tyrosine kinase src [7], human EGFR 2 (HER2)/Neu [8], raf

[9], and mutated p53 [10]. However, albeit most of phase I and phase II clinical trials with geldanamycin derivatives have already been completed or terminated due to clinical limitations, these drugs have proved the successful targeting of Hsp90, paving the way for the development of second-generation Hsp90 inhibitors [11], such as synthetic and small molecules, targeted also against the N-terminal ATP-binding site. One class of such small inhibitors is based on the pyrazole or resorcinol subunit, another class on the purine-scaffold, and lastly, novel Smad inhibitor C-terminal domain–based Hsp90 inhibitors are being developed as well [12]. NVP-AUY922 is a novel resorcinylic isoxazole–based Hsp90 inhibitor that has shown potent preclinical activity in cancer models [13] and in xenografts [14]. In addition, it has

shown tolerability in a phase I clinical trial [15]. The Hsp90-client cycle involves the association and dissociation of several cochaperones and is driven by the ATP-binding state of Hsp90 [2]. Thus, Hsp90 participates in two multichaperoning complexes with opposing activities: ATP-bound (mature) and ADP-bound (intermediate). A client protein initially associates with Silibinin Hsp70/Hsp40 and is loaded onto Hsp90 through p60Hop, forming the ADP-bound intermediate state. When ADP is transformed into ATP, the Hsp90 complex conformation is altered, releasing Hsp70/Hsp40 and p60Hop, allowing other cochaperones such as p23, p50cdc37, and immunophilins to bind Hsp90, forming the mature complex. Then, at this stage, Hsp90-bound ATP is hydrolyzed, and the energy released enables client protein folding. Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG inhibit the ATPase intrinsic activity of Hsp90, impeding the chaperone to achieve the mature state [16].

, 1990 and Snowden et al., 2008), Parkinson’s disease (Dara et al., 2008), Alzheimer’s disease (Taler et al., 2008) and frontotemporal dementia (right temporal lobe atrophy: Perry et al., 2001). The brain basis for prosodic deficits in these disorders remains largely unexplored. Studies of prosody in patients with stroke or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in cognitively-normal individuals have implicated a predominantly right-sided (though often bilateral)

distributed fronto-temporo-parietal network in the processing of emotional prosody, with less consistent lateralisation for the processing of linguistic prosody (e.g., Tong et al., 2005, Ethofer et al., 2006, Pell, 2006a, Pell, 2006b, Wildgruber et al., 2006, Beaucousin et al., 2007, Arciuli and Slowiaczek, 2007, Wiethoff et al., 2008 and Ross AZD6738 and Monnot, 2008). The present findings in PPA corroborate this previous

work, delineating a distributed network of areas associated with processing of different dimensions of linguistic and emotional prosody. While the findings here suggest predominantly left hemispheric associations, there is an important caveat in that the region of maximal disease involvement in the PPA syndromes is left lateralised: by restricting analysis to this leftward asymmetric disease region, we have delineated anatomical areas that are more likely to be true disease associations, but limited the potential to detect right hemispheric associations of prosodic processing. The cortical associations of acoustic FG-4592 purchase and linguistic prosody processing identified here include areas (posterior temporal lobe, inferior parietal lobe) previously implicated in the perceptual analysis of nonverbal vocalisations, (Wildgruber et al., 2005, Wildgruber et al., 2006, Gandour et al., 2007, Wiethoff et al., 2008 and Ischebeck et al., 2008) and additional

fronto-parietal circuitry that may be involved in attention, working memory and ‘mirror’ responses to heard vocalisations (Warren et al., 2005 and Warren et al., 2006). Structures such as cingulate cortex that participate in generic attentional and related processes may be engaged particularly second by demands for suprasegmental analysis of vocalisations (Knösche et al., 2005). Associations of emotional prosody processing were identified in a broadly overlapping network of frontal, temporal and parietal areas, including components of the limbic system. Within this network, certain areas may have relative specificity for recognition of particular negative emotions. The insula and mesial temporal structures are involved in recognition of emotions (in particular, disgust) in various modalities (Phillips et al., 1997, Hennenlotter et al., 2004 and Jabbi et al., 2008). Anterior temporal cortical areas have been previously implicated in visual processing of negative emotions (in particular, sadness) in both healthy subjects (Britton et al., 2006) and patients with dementia (Rosen et al.

Discharge data have been collected for over 40 years and are maintained by the Bangladesh Water Development Board. These data are of high quality and frequently used in calibration and validation

of the basinwide hydrological models (Gain et al., 2011, Immerzeel, 2008 and Jian et al., 2009). In addition to weather information, SWAT requires soil properties and land cover information to simulate loads in the hydrological components. The soil map was obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1995). R428 At a spatial resolution of 10 km, 106 soil types for the Brahmaputra basin were differentiated, and soil properties for two layers (0–30 cm and 30–100 cm depth) were provided. Other soil properties such as particle-size distribution, bulk density, organic carbon content, check details available water capacity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were obtained from Reynolds

et al. (1999). The land use and land cover map was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Global Land Cover Characterization database version 2.0 at 1000 m spatial resolution (Loveland et al., 2000). The original 24 categories were reclassified into 12 to match the land use database of SWAT. Both the soil and land use and land cover maps were resampled to 180 m to correspond to the spatial resolution of the digital elevation model (DEM) used in the simulations. The geographic information system interface – ArcSWAT (Winchell et al., 2010) – was used to parameterize the model for the Brahmaputra basin. The stream network of the basin was delineated from a 180-m DEM resampled from the HydroSHEDS (Hydrological

data and maps based on Shuttle Elevation Derivatives at multiple scales) dataset (Lehner et al., 2008). Montelukast Sodium Requiring a minimum drainage area of 12,000  km2 and including an additional outlet at Bahadurabad discharge gauge station, the basin was subdivided into 29 subbasins. The outlet at the Bahadurabad discharge station constitutes a drainage area of 519,408 km2. The outlet at Bahadurabad station was considered to be the final outlet of the Brahmaputra basin (Fig. 1). Characterization of the stream reaches and subbasin geomorphology was done automatically by the interface. To further characterize the subbasin for dominant land use and soil types, the multiple Hydrological Response Unit (HRU) option in SWAT was implemented, which resulted in discretization of 527 HRUs for the Brahmaputra basin. The Brahmaputra is a large basin with diverse elevations. Changes in elevation within the basin strongly influence the snow accumulation and melt process (Pomeroy and Brun, 2001), which can be simulated better when elevation bands and their corresponding subbasin area fractions are defined (Fontaine et al., 2002). To account for the basin’s elevation gradient for snow accumulation and melt processes, 10 elevation bands were incorporated at 500-m increments for the maximum allowable range of 2393–6719 m.

In industrial enzymology, sometimes one has to deal with multi-substrate enzyme-catalyzed reactions. In such cases, the initial rate measurements depend upon whether the random or ordered mechanisms are involved. An excellent and comprehensive treatment for various possibilities is available at many places (Dixon et al., 1979, Eisenthal and Danson, 2002 and Purich,

2010). While the initial rate is a useful parameter for practical applications, a complete progress curve of the bioconversion or biotransformation is http://www.selleckchem.com/products/jq1.html desirable, particularly in industrial enzymology. To be practically useful, a high conversion is desirable, often greater than 90%. An enzyme and reaction mixture that proceeds rapidly to 5% conversion, but then slows this website dramatically, will be less favoured than one that proceeds more slowly initially, but remains close to linear

to high conversion. The velocity of the reaction falls with time due to various reasons. These include (a) product inhibition (b) fall in substrate concentration to the extent that % saturation of the enzyme with the substrate changes significantly, (c) the product concentration increases and the substrate becomes depleted and the reaction velocity in the reverse direction may become significant, and (d) the operational stability of the enzyme may become a factor and enzyme may start getting inactivated. The presence of known or unknown reactive compounds present in the industrial grade substrates may contribute to this factor. Hence, if the enzyme is being used for a bioconversion or biotransformation for an industrial application, knowledge of just initial rates is not sufficient. In fact, it can be misleading. So, it is very necessary that complete progress curve of the reaction is drawn under intended process conditions. This can be done at the laboratory scale. Even this picture Etomidate may change when the process is scaled up to the pilot plant or industrial level. But that is a different issue. It is the characteristic of enzymes as biocatalysts that they perform best at a particular temperature and pH and thermal inactivation begins in

a significant way beyond a certain temperature. Hence, information about these three characteristics is routinely expected in any research article describing a new enzyme. These issues are equally important in industrial enzymology as well. All three are discussed in most textbooks of biochemistry. However, each one requires a more careful consideration than frequently given. The activity vs. reaction temperature typically forms a bell shaped curve. Initial increase is due to increase in reaction rates with increase in temperature. Beyond the optimum value, the activity declines as protein chain unfolds, the thermal inactivation sets in (Gupta, 1993). However, it is important to distinguish between two very different patterns of behavior.

The total number of people employed with seafood in fish restaurants in Peru was obtained by first excluding all restaurants that were selling other products than seafood. Seafood thus had to be the only source of animal protein sold in a restaurant for it to be included. This means that employment in this sector was underestimated significantly, as many (or most) restaurants sell seafood as only a component of their assortment. The total number of seafood

restaurants was obtained from Ipsos Apoyo [15] and Arellano Marketing [16], and the restaurants were ranked in terms of size (number of tables). Based on this, ‘typical restaurants’ were defined with a fixed number of employees per restaurant size. From field observations and interviews with members of the Peruvian Gastronomic Panobinostat manufacturer Association (APEGA) and restaurant owners, the ‘typical consumption of fish’ per fish restaurant was then derived, and

via a weighted average estimated the overall employment per ton of seafood sold. All types of jobs in the restaurants were considered – from waiters to security guards. The total number of supermarkets across Peru in 2009 was obtained from official web pages and by interviews with brand managers in Lima (Supermercados Peruanos, Wong, and TOTUS). It was assumed that there were 1–2 people employed full time in the fresh fish section (depending on the supermarket brand and size) and that there were 1–2 people employed http://www.selleckchem.com/ALK.html full time arranging and selling canned, cured, and frozen fish products in each supermarket, as well as 1–2 people involved with storing and distributing fish to the supermarkets from the wholesaler markets. Although many of the people that are employed in supermarkets move, organize and sell fish products at any given time, only a minor fraction of their salaries come from this exchange. Therefore, the employment per ton of seafood sold, was estimated based on the number of full time jobs per ton rather than fractions of a job per ton. Supermarket

employees validated these numbers. The total number of local retail markets (whether organized by a municipality, district, privately, or publicly) was enumerated in 1996 [17] and here extrapolated to account for their growth, assuming an overall increase of 10% by 2009. Based on field observations, it was estimated that why 20 percentage of stands sold fresh fish out of the total number of stands at markets at the coast, highlands, and jungle. It was also assumed (based on observations and interviews) that 80% of the fresh seafood was sold commercially through local markets at the coast and that the remaining 20% was sold commercially in the highlands and jungle. Freshwater fish (both wild caught and aquaculture produced) is significantly more frequent in the Andean and Amazonian markets as compared to seafood, and this was considered in the calculations, though only marine products are included in the results here.

MC-RY (9) eluted in fraction 5, which was concentrated in vacuo and re-purified on the preparative HPLC system by isocratic elution with 43% A to afford pure 9 (ca 60 μg). MC-YR (2) and MC-LR (1) eluted in Selleckchem JQ1 fraction 3, which was concentrated in vacuo and the components separated on the preparative HPLC system by isocratic elution with 35% A. MC-RR (3) eluted in fraction 1, which was concentrated in vacuo and purified

on the preparative HPLC system by isocratic elution with 25% A. The purified fractions were then evaporated to dryness under a stream of dry nitrogen and rinsed with dry MeCN (2 × ca. 500 μL) to remove acetonitrile-soluble contaminants. Residual acetonitrile was removed in vacuo and the microcystins click here (ca 50–80 μg) were dissolved in CD3OD or CD3OH for NMR analysis. A Bruker AVII 600 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a TCI cryoprobe and Z-gradient coils was used to acquire NMR data for microcystins. Chemical shifts, determined at 298 K, are reported relative to internal CHD2OD or CHD2OH (3.31 ppm) and CD3OD (49.0 ppm). 1H, COSY, TOCSY, DIPSY and ROESY NMR spectra in CD3OH were obtained with, and without, excitation sculptured and/or continuous wave presaturation of the OH/H2O and/or the residual CHD2OH signals in the spectra. TOCSY, DIPSY and SELTOCSY spectra we acquired with correlation

times variously optimized for the detection of short-, medium- and long-range couplings. gHSQC spectra were acquired using parameter sets optimized for 1J13C–1H couplings of 130 and 140 Hz. gHMBC spectra were acquired

using a 65 msec Selleckchem Forskolin correlation time. Liquid chromatography was performed on a Symmetry C18 column (3.5 μm, 100 × 2.1 mm; Waters, Milford, MA, USA), using a Surveyor MS Pump Plus and a Surveyor Auto Sampler Plus (Finnigan, Thermo Electron Corp., San Jose, CA, USA) eluted (300 μL/min) with a linear gradient of acetonitrile (A) and water (B) each containing 0.1% formic acid. The gradient was from 22.5% to 42.5% A over 4 min, then to 75% A at 10 min, to 95% A at 11 min (1 min hold) followed by a return to 22.5% A with a 3-min hold to equilibrate the column. The HPLC system was coupled to a Finnigan LTQ ion trap mass spectrometer (Finnigan Thermo Electron Corp., San Jose, CA, USA) operated in full-scan positive ion ESI mode (m/z 500–1600). Optimization procedures and LC–MS parameters are described elsewhere ( Miles et al., 2012). Liquid chromatography was performed on the same HPLC column as used in method A (above), using an Acquity UPLC module (Waters, Milford, MA) eluted with the same gradient as for method A. The UPLC system was coupled to a Quattro Ultima triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA) operated in positive ion ESI mode. Precursor-ion scanning (m/z 900–1100) for m/z 135 was performed with collision energy at 50 eV as described elsewhere ( Miles et al., 2012).

The most direct mechanism of liver toxicity, at the cellular and molecular level, is the specific interaction of the toxicant with a critical cellular component (mitochondria, for example) and subsequent modulation of its function (Meyer and Kulkarni, 2001). ABA poisoning can impair

the function of hepatocytes. Research conducted by Hsu et al. (2001) showed elevated levels of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the HIF inhibitor blood serum of rats after exposure to ABA by gavage at doses between 1 and 20 mg/kg body weight. The maximum activity was obtained with a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight 1 h after ingestion. Eissa and Zidan (2010), using a commercial product, also observed signs of abamectin liver toxicity, with increased activity of the enzyme AST in rats treated with doses equivalent to 1/10 or 1/100 of the LD50 (18 mg/kg) in the diet of animals over 30 consecutive days. In addition, El-Shenawy (2010) undertook a comparative study of the in vitro toxic action of some insecticides, including ABA at concentrations of 10 and 100 μM, on isolated rat hepatocytes. There was a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase see more (ALT) and aspartate

aminotransferase (AST) activity when hepatocytes were incubated for 30 min with either concentration of ABA. This activity persisted after 120 min, the longest time point for which data was collected.

Mitochondria carry out a variety of biochemical processes, but their main function is to produce a majority (>90%) of cellular ATP. The proton motive force, whose major impetus is the membrane potential (Δψ) generated by electron transport along the respiratory chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane, drives ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation (Mitchell, 1961). Experimental evidence from our research group indicates that mitochondria Abiraterone nmr represent a primary target critical for the action of drugs and toxins (Mingatto et al., 2000, Mingatto et al., 2007 and Garcia et al., 2010). Here, we addressed the actions of ABA on mitochondrial bioenergetics by assessing its effect on respiration, membrane potential, ATP levels, activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, ATPase and ANT in isolated rat liver mitochondria. Abamectin, containing 92% avermectin B1a and 8% avermectin B1b, was kindly supplied by the company Ourofino Agribusiness (Cravinhos, São Paulo, Brazil). All other reagents were of the highest commercially available grade. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used to dissolve abamectin had no effect on the assays. The volume of DMSO added never exceeded 0.1% of the total volume of medium. All stock solutions were prepared using glass-distilled deionized water. Male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200 g were used in this study.

“
“The great scallop Pecten maximus is a bivalve mollusc, which occurs over a wide latitudinal gradient, from Spain to Norway, inhabiting depths from 0 m to 500 m ( Chauvaud et al., 2005). This is an economically important species, comprising almost 80% of European wild harvested scallops. Furthermore, aquaculture is expanding, especially in France and Ireland where hatchery-produced seed is used to enhance the production in the wild. The transcriptome data were generated as part of a more detailed Panobinostat ic50 study, investigating the effect of temperature on growth and development. One year old scallops (average length: 34.0 ± 4.1 mm) were obtained from the Tinduff hatchery (Bay of Brest, Dabrafenib nmr France).

They were cultured at 3 different temperatures: ambient controls at 14.8 ± 0.6 °C and also the elevated temperatures of 21.4 ± 0.2 °C and 25.2 ± 0.9 °C. Individuals in

each treatment were sampled over a time course from the beginning of the experiment and then after 3, 7, 14, 21, 27, 42 and 56 days. The scallops were dissected and mantle tissue was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at − 80 °C until further analysis. Total RNA was extracted from mantle tissue of 4 individuals per treatment at each time point using TRI Reagent® Solution (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA quality and concentration were determined using an Agilent 2100 RNA Nanochip (Agilent, GPX6 Santa Clara, CA, USA) and a NanoDrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA), respectively. For each condition, the RNAs from the 4 individuals at each time point were then pooled for RNA-Seq. From these pooled samples, 22 cDNA libraries were produced (cf. Table 1 for details). The production of the Illumina libraries and the transcriptome sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq™ 2500 (HiSeq 100 bp pair-ends) was conducted by the Genome Analysis Centre (Norwich, UK). The RNA libraries yielded 667 million paired end reads. Raw reads were filtered and trimmed using the FASTX-toolkit (Version 0.0.13 from Assaf

Gordon Hannon lab) and rRNA contamination removed using riboPicker (Schmieder et al., 2012) and cutadapt (Version 1.1; Martin, 2011), with a final quality check performed using fastQC (Version 0.10.0; http://www.bioinformatics.bbsrc.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/). The contigs were assembled using SOAPdenovo (Luo et al., 2012), and a kmer size of 89 was used to construct the initial de novo transcriptome assembly, resulting in 1,311,367 contigs. These contigs were then used in a further assembly with CAP3 (Huang and Madan, 1999). Contigs from both rounds of assemblies that were greater than 500 bp, totaling 26,064, were used in a sequence similarity search against an in-house nr database using an e-value cutoff of 1e − 10.

However, in

preparations treated with both L-NAME and indomethacin, for which this parameter was calculated, neither physical training nor a single bout of exercise changed the Ang II pEC50 ( Table 1). In presence of L-NAME and BQ-123 (Fig. 2A), the Ang II concentration-response curves determined in resting-sedentary animals, which were higher in presence of L-NAME only (Fig. 1C), became similar to those obtained in the other groups. This occurred because co-treatment with BQ-123 attenuated the Ang II concentration-response curves determined in preparations taken from resting-sedentary animals and, in parallel, increased the Ang II concentration-response curves determined in preparations taken from the other GSK126 groups. On the other hand, the treatment with L-NAME and BQ-788 (Fig. 2B) elevated the Ang II concentration-response curves in the preparations taken from exercised-sedentary animals as well as resting-trained

and exercised trained animals, thereby suppressing the differences of Ang II Rmax observed in the presence of L-NAME alone ( Fig. 1C). Moreover, co-treatment with BQ-123 or BQ-788 did not cause any exercise-induced change in the Ang II pEC50 ( Table 1). Neither physical training nor the exposure of trained or sedentary animals to a single bout of exercise modified the Ang II concentration-response curves that were determined in preparations treated simultaneously with L-NAME, indomethacin and BQ-123 (Fig. 3A) or BQ-788 (Fig. 3B). Furthermore, no changes were evidenced

in terms of pEC50 until (Table 1). However, the Ang II concentration-response Bcl-2 inhibitor curves obtained in preparations treated concomitantly with L-NAME, indomethacin and BQ-788 (Fig. 3B) were higher than those obtained in the absence of BQ-788 (Fig. 1D). The elevations of Ang II Rmax induced by BQ-788 were statistically significant only in preparations taken from resting-sedentary animals (P < 0.05; two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test). ET-1 evokes stronger contractions of femoral veins, although it is required in higher concentrations, compared to Ang II. However, the obtained concentration-response curves were not modified by training or by the single bout of exercise. Thus, the curves obtained in these groups of animals exhibited similar values of Rmax ( Fig. 4) and pEC50 (7.79 ± 0.17 in resting-sedentary; 7.75 ± 0.18 in exercised-sedentary; 7.82 ± 0.14 in resting-trained; 7.87 ± 0.20 in exercised-trained). ppET-1 mRNA expression in femoral veins was reduced by a single bout of exercise as well as the physical training. Although an overall trend was exhibited, this reduction was statistically significant only in the resting-trained animals (Fig. 5A). A similar reduction of ETA mRNA expression, though non-significant, was detected in femoral veins taken from resting-trained animals (Fig. 5B).