The EMG activation was not different from zero in the SC condition in middle age group. Mean EMG amplitude between 280 and 300 msec was entered into a group (3) × congruency (3) ANOVA. In this early time window there were no significant congruency effects [F(2,102) = 1.664, p = .1943] or interactions [F(4,102) = .3713, p = .8286] but a group effect approached significance [F(2,51) = 2.48, p = .093]. Mean EMG amplitude between 460 and 480 msec was entered into a group (3) × congruency (3) ANOVA. In the mean amplitude of the 460–480 msec time interval there was a congruency effect [F(2,102) = 7.24, ɛ = .769, p = .0031]. Post hoc Tukey

contrasts on the incorrect hand mean amplitude revealed that the congruent condition had significantly less amplitude than the RC condition (p = .0011, http://www.selleckchem.com/products/bmn-673.html .045 vs .07 μV) and SC had significantly less amplitude than RC (p = .0011, .04 vs .07 μV). However there was no difference between congruent and SC in incorrect hand activation. Additionally there was a group × congruency interaction [F(4,102) = 3.06, ɛ = .769, p = .0317]. Tukey post hoc tests showed that in the adolescent group the amplitude in the RC condition (.120 μV) was significantly larger find more than the congruent (.06 μV, p = .0198) and SC (.05 μV, p = .0198) conditions. There was no similar difference in the adult and middle

age groups. There was no main effect of group [F(2,51) = 1.014, p = .3698]. Overall in terms of correct hand activity there were no significant group differences however in terms of incorrect hand activity, at the time point between 460 and 480 msec, the adolescent group showed significantly increased incorrect hand activity during the RC condition. This

is in line with our prediction of response level change during adolescence. Following Craik and Bialystoke’s (2006) call to identify the specific nature of age-related change here we systematically tracked neuro-cognitive asymmetries in stimulus and response conflict not processing throughout the lifespan within the framework of a single study. We measured ERPs, the LRP, and EMG in an adaptation of the colour word Stroop task that a priori separates stimulus and response level conflict. Behavioural effects, in terms of RT and accuracy, revealed that the congruency manipulations were successful. The RC manipulation yielded the slowest RTs. This replicates previous studies (Houwer, 2003 and Melcher and Gruber, 2009). However, unexpectedly there were no differences between groups in terms of the congruency effects. We predicted that adolescents would be more susceptible to response conflict whereas middle age adults would be sensitive to stimulus conflict however no differences were found behaviourally. At the neural level we found age-related and developmental asymmetries in stimulus and response stages of processing.

, 1995). After incubation, cells were washed twice with FACS buffer and were either used for intracellular staining or fixed with a solution of 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Incubation with primary antibodies to MHC I (Salomonsen et al., 1987) and MHC II (Kaufman et al., 1990) was followed by Alexa-647 conjugated goat anti-mouse antibody (Life Technologies). Secondary antibody alone or unconjugated goat anti-mouse antibody (Life Technologies) was used as an unstained control for surface MHC staining. Intracellular staining Bleomycin molecular weight was carried out as described previously (Ariaans et al., 2008). Briefly, splenocytes from challenged birds or non-infected controls were seeded in a 96-well round-bottom plates (Nunc)

at 106 cells/well in a final volume of 200 μl of culture media or culture media supplemented with the different stimuli at the concentration described in the ELISpot technique (except PMA which was used at 50 ng/ml). Cells

were cultured using the conditions described above for ELISpot assays (24 h culture). AZD6738 mw For intracellular staining, during the last 2 h of culture, cells were treated with Brefeldin A according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Cytofix/Cytoperm™ Plus Fixation/Permeabilization kit, BD Biosciences). To avoid non-specific binding signal, we preincubated cells with Cytofix/Cytoperm™ buffer containing 2% normal mouse serum and further staining steps involved Cytofix/Cytoperm™ washing buffer containing 1% normal mouse serum (Biosource). To confirm the specificity of the anti-IFNγ antibody EH9 we also employed a validated anti-IFNγ [mAb80 (Ariaans et al., 2008)]. Purified fractions of both antibodies were conjugated using Alexa Fluor® 647 monoclonal antibody labeling kit (Molecular Probes) according to the manufacturer’s Sorafenib purchase instructions. A mouse isotype matched control antibody IgG1 Alexa Fluor® 647 (Life Technologies) was employed at the same concentration as EH9 and Mab80. For analysis, a gate on the FSC/SSC region of lymphocytes was selected and a minimum of 10,000 events were acquired on a FACSCalibur instrument using Cell Quest software (BD Becton Dickinson). Flow cytometry

analysis indicates that non-adherent CKC were not present at significant levels (data not shown). FlowJo software (TreeStar) was used to analyze flow cytometry data. A paired or unpaired t-student test or one-way ANOVA was performed using GraphPad Prism (version 6.0 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA). Screening identified two anti-chicken IFNγ antibodies (clones EH9 and AF10) which were shown by ELISA to bind recombinant chicken IFNγ and to work effectively as an antibody pair in capture ELISA (Supplementary Fig. 2A–C). We subsequently compared this antibody pair with commercially available antibodies [from Life Technologies (Ariaans et al., 2008 and Reemers et al., 2012)] in ELISpot assays.

This is consistent with our previous finding where H/W rats showed minimal or no change in body weight following

TCDD treatment whereas significant weight loss was observed for the sensitive L-E strain after both time points ( Boutros et al., 2011), as is a more prominent decrease in plasma glucose upon TCDD treatment in L-E than H/W rats ( Viluksela et al., 1999). Dysregulation of Slc37a4 could be involved in the differential energy and feed metabolism between sensitive and resistant strains and the 5 FU resulting wasting syndrome observed in the sensitive strains but not in resistant strains ( Boutros et al., 2011 and Pohjanvirta and Tuomisto, 1994). Endocrine imbalance is another acute effect that follows TCDD treatment (Pohjanvirta and Tuomisto, 1994). Some portion

of endocrine disruption may be due to altered synaptic transmission and communication from neurons to the endocrine system. Acp2, a gene that is consistently induced by 2-fold in the sensitive strains but not in the resistant strain, encodes a lysosomal acid phosphatase that catalyzes p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis. The abundance of the phosphatase in the nerve endings suggests its potential role in synaptic transmission ( Tanino et al., 1999). In other studies, Acp2 was found to play a role in acute pancreatitis ( Lakowska et al., 2001). It is difficult to evaluate the role of Acp2 in TCDD toxicity due to the insufficient characterization of its physiological functions, but the increase in Acp2 expression may have a role in the imbalance in the endocrine Stem Cell Compound Library manufacturer system of rats that are exposed to TCDD ( Pohjanvirta and Tuomisto, 1994). Long-term exposure to TCDD leads to cancer formation in liver and other organs (Viluksela et al., 2000). Prkcdbp encodes a protein kinase-binding protein that may be involved in the control of cell growth mediated by protein kinase C ( Izumi et al., 1997). Prkcdbp showed greater than 3-fold induction in the sensitive strains but did not reach statistical significant in the resistant H/W strain. Impaired control of cell growth could well

contribute to the carcinogenic effect of TCDD SPTBN5 in sensitive animals. On the other hand, Sdc1, a mouse homolog that is found to promote cell–cell adhesion, showed significant repression by at least 3-fold in all the sensitive strains but remained unperturbed in the resistant H/W strain. Sdc1 has been previously shown to be implicated in hepatocellular cancer (HCC). Both the gene and protein expression of Sdc1 was significantly reduced in HCC with extra-hepatic metastasis in comparison with those without ( Matsumoto et al., 1997). This suggests that Sdc1 may play a role in determining metastatic potential. A highly characteristic feature of the acute toxicity of TCDD is its delayed emergence. Even after supralethal doses of TCDD, the exposed animals do not die immediately but only after 2–5 weeks (Pohjanvirta and Tuomisto, 1994).

Yam starch was extracted from the São Bento yam cultivar according to Daiúto and Cereda (2003), modifying the concentrations of the reagents used (1 g 100 g−1 solution of ammonium oxalate and oxalic acid at a ratio of 1:1 (g:g)). Glycerol was obtained from Merck (São Paulo, Brazil). After preparation, the solutions were heated to 90 °C for 4.5 min for gelatinization, and, while still hot, the samples were transferred to 0.01 L acrylic plates with an internal diameter of 0.088 m for drying and transformation into film. The

values of the variables used in the test were determined from the rotational central composite design, totaling eleven treatments (Rodrigues & Iemma, 2009), with five levels for each independent variable – concentrations of yam starch and glycerol. Preliminary studies were performed to define the levels of yam starch and glycerol to be used in the filmogenic BIBW2992 mw solutions for the present study. The starch content in academic

studies typically extends up to 3 g 100 g−1, while various levels of glycerol are used. In an attempt to optimize the drying results, mechanical properties and water barrier properties, a range of 5–10 g 100 g−1 was established for yam starch, for the purpose of increasing the water vapor barrier properties, in other words, not allowing the water vapor to pass through the film which will coat the BMS-354825 order food product, and 10–50 g 100 g−1 for glycerol (based on the amount of yam starch used). Drying was performed in a forced air circulation

laboratory oven (Marconi MA 035) at temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C, with a constant air velocity of 1 m s−1. This mild temperature range was chosen to avoid damage to the film. The design described in Table 1 was applied at each temperature indicated above in order to extract more information on the drying of filmogenic solutions in the present study. The loss of mass of filmogenic solutions was monitored at 10 min intervals, and this process was concluded when, in at least three consecutive measurements, the variation in mass was less than the tolerance of 10−6 kg. The plates were then stored in desiccators containing silica gel at a temperature of ±20 °C for 24 h. From this measurement and initial weight of the sample, the amount of moisture content present in the filmogenic solution Avelestat (AZD9668) gel was calculated on a dry basis. Modeling of the drying of filmogenic solutions was conducted in two phases: a period with constant drying rate and a period with an exponential drying rate (Equation (1)), separated by critical time, as established in the study of drying of granulated anid. It is a disperse polymer material (Stupa et al., 2003). Non-linear regression analyses were performed via the Gauss Newton method for fitting the mathematical models, using the STATSOFT 8.0® software. equation(1) WI=W0+(nt)forttcrWhere WI is the moisture content in the constant drying rate period, g 100 g−1, d.b.

In the next sections, we describe two types of ROI analyses (see Section 2) with greater detection power, in which tool versus animal word-processing is explored MAPK inhibitor specifically within picture-category selective ROIs. To test whether the cortical areas with a selectivity for tool or animal pictures depicted in the activation maps in Fig. 2 showed a corresponding selectivity for tool or animal words, we extracted each individual’s BOLD-response to tool words (vs. fixation) and animal words (vs. fixation) from all voxels in age-specific clusters and computed each age group’s average category preference for words (tool words – animal words). The results are displayed in the bottom graphs in Fig. 2. Red bars

indicate areas where subjects showed a significant preference for tool pictures and a corresponding stronger response to tool words. Similarly, blue bars indicate areas BIBF1120 where the age group showed a significant preference for animal pictures and a corresponding preference for

animal words. Grey bars indicate areas where the category preference for pictures and words did not correspond (e.g., a tool picture selective cluster with a stronger response to animal words). If printed words activate the same brain regions as their corresponding pictures, the category preference for animal and tool words should have the same direction as the local category preference for animal and tool pictures. In adults, this is clearly the case in all 6 ROIs. Overall, there was a significant category preference for tool and animals words in adult tool- and animal-picture selective cortical areas (F(1, 12) = 9.22, p = 0.010), and a trend towards an interaction effect of ROI × Category (F(5, 8) = 3.56, p = 0.055), indicating that category selectivity for words varied marginally across the 6 ROIs. In the group of 9- to 10-year-olds, the category preference for pictures and words was clearly less consistent, crotamiton with corresponding response patterns in 4 out of 9 ROIs. There was no significant overall category preference (F(1, 9) = 0.647, p = 0.44), and no interaction of ROI × Category (F(8, 2) = 2.45, p = 0.33).

Similarly, in 7- to 8-year-olds, 4 out of 7 regions showed a corresponding category preference for pictures and words and an ANOVA revealed no significant effects of Category (F(1, 10) = 0.025, p = 0.88) or Category × ROI (F(3.1, 31.1) = 1.74, p = 0.92. Due to the application of a statistical threshold, significant clusters from different age groups differ in number and areas of the brain they encompass (see Appendix A, Table 2). This limits the comparability of activation patterns in individual ROIs across age. To test if the age differences in category selectivity for animal versus tool words in these ROIs were significant, we therefore compared the response to tool and animal names averaged across all picture-selective ROIs.

2E). Foci of epidermal erosion and mild acute inflammatory infiltrate as well as round collections of cellular debris in the upper dermis and epidermis were present (Fig. 2F). No hemorrhage was verified and very few blood vessels showed thrombosis. Superficial epidermal bacterial infection was present in STA-9090 research buy one of the samples. After 48 h of injection, coagulative necrosis of skin, subcutaneous and skeletal muscle tissue was evident (Fig. 3A). The epidermis and the dermis showed mild acute inflammatory infiltrate and collections of cellular debris, characterizing micro-abscesses (Fig. 3B). Few blood vessels in the

dermis and subcutaneous tissue presented thrombosis. No hemorrhage was verified. After 72 h of injection, the necrotic tissue presented cellular debris

in the form of numerous round collections or diffuse infiltration, constituting a necrotic plaque focally detached from the deep tissue (Fig. 3C). Regenerative hyperplasia of epidermal cells appeared at the lesion borders (Fig. 3D). A mild inflammatory infiltrate was observed around viable blood vessels in the deep subcutaneous tissue. After 96 h of injection, the regenerative hyperplasia of epidermal cells at the necrotic skin border was more evident (Fig. 4A). The coagulative necrosis of the tissue was clear, affecting the skeletal muscle and presenting cellular debris infiltration. In one of the samples the epidermis was missing in some areas and superficial bacterial infection appeared (Fig. 4B). No hemorrhage or blood vessel thrombosis was detected. In animals of the ERK inhibitor Meloxicam control group no evidence of necrosis was noted although mild edema and mononuclear cell infiltration of dermis and subcutaneous tissue were focally present. Moreover, control animals did not show any histological abnormalities in most of the skin, and subcutaneous and skeletal muscle tissue (Fig. 4C,D). There are few reports in literature on the toxic effects of freshwater

stingray venom. Under our experimental conditions, we verified that the tissue extract of P. falkneri could induce necrosis and an inflammatory reaction at the site of injection. These data are in agreement with reports of accidents in humans ( Haddad, 2000, Haddad et al., 2004 and Garrone Neto and Haddad, 2010). They are also in agreement with an experimental model ( Barbaro et al., 2007) demonstrating that necrosis and local inflammation are much more prominent in injuries caused by freshwater stingrays when compared with those caused by marine species. Our histological study demonstrated that necrosis occurs very soon after the exposure; foci of epidermal necrosis with initial detachment from the dermis were detected 3–6 h after extract injection. Moreover, at these times, signs of initial necrosis of skeletal muscle were observed.

In model

4 (bottle-feeding), the child’s age and province were the only 2 variables that made significant contributions to the model. An increase in child’s age was Forskolin concentration negatively correlated with bottle-feeding, whereas the odds of children in Nairobi being fed using a bottle was higher as compared to children in the Eastern province. This study set out to investigate trends in breastfeeding practices in Kenya using 3 surveys conducted in 1998, 2003, and 2008-2009. The study also conducted a multivariate analysis on the predictors of breastfeeding practices using the 2008-2009 survey. To summarize the main results, the trends in exclusive breastfeeding showed mostly significant improvement, although the starting point in 1998 was low (ranging from 13% to 21% in the various sociodemographic groups studied). The most dramatic improvement was for children in the poorest wealth quintile, with exclusive breastfeeding more than tripling at 54% in 2008-2009. We speculate that the breastfeeding health education efforts and campaigns in Kenya, referred to in the Introduction, may have had a real impact

at all sociodemographic levels, but this cannot click here be confirmed by the limited data available in this study. Conversely, the trends in early initiation of breastfeeding, complementary feeding and breastfeeding, and bottle-feeding were stagnant or slightly worsened in most of the sociodemographic groups studied. Although these trends are not encouraging, efforts to promote breastfeeding in Kenya may have averted what otherwise might have been strongly worsening trends. This is conjectural, however, since there is no way to know what might have happened in the absence of the breastfeeding education efforts that have been made. Logistic regression models using the 2008-2009 data showed that accounting for other variables, the province where the mother resided was the most significant predictor

of early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, and bottle-feeding. This raises the question, what is it about one’s find more province of residence that might affect child feeding? Three factors may be important in this regard: governmental and nongovernmental health organizations that foster child health, regional living conditions, and culture with its myriad of local expressions [18], [30], [31], [32], [33] and [34]. Turning first to health organizations, the Kenyan government has undertaken a number of initiatives including implementation of the joint WHO/UNICEF principles on a global strategy for infant and young child feeding through the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative and recent passing of a law regulating breast milk substitutes [35] and [36]. The encouraging trends in exclusive breastfeeding with significant increases in most sociodemographic groups could be an indicator of the impact of such initiatives.

“
“In the Guideline, “Modifications in endoscopic practice for the elderly,” which was published in the July issue of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:1-7), the author list was presented incorrectly. The correct list appears below. Prepared by: ASGE STANDARDS OF PRACTICE COMMITTEE “
“In Anti-diabetic Compound Library cost the originally published ASGE Guideline (ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Fisher DA, Shergill AK, Early DS, et al.

Role of endoscopy in the staging and management of colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:8-12), the second Recommendation on page 11 is incorrect. It should state “We recommend EUS in the preoperative locoregional staging of rectal cancer to guide therapy.” The online version of this article has been replaced with the correct version.

“
“In the article, “Serrated lesions and hyperplastic Afatinib supplier (serrated) polyposis relationship with colorectal cancer: classification and surveillance recommendations,” by Orlowska (Gastrointest Endosc 2013;77:858-71), Figure 2 was presented incorrectly, Figure 3 contained an error, and Table 2 was incorrectly aligned. The corrected Figures and Table appear below. Figure 2.  Serrated lesions histological classification. A, Hyperplastic polyp comprising glands with serrations limited mostly to the upper one half of the crypts. Nonbranching narrow crypts at the bases are similar in diameter and shape to those of normal colon (Fig. 1A). B, C, Sessile serrated lesions. Serrated architecture at all

levels of the crypts with broadened and irregular shape of their bottom parts. The basal portions of the crypts are branched, horizontal, and appear flask or T shaped (C); they are lined with a mixture of mature and dystrophic goblet cells. D, Sessile serrated lesion with focal dysplasia composed of nondysplastic sessile serrated component in the central part and dysplastic epithelial component at the right and left margins of the lesion. E, F, Traditional serrated adenoma. Serrated architecture with dysplastic hypereosinophilic selleck chemicals llc cytoplasm and confluent nuclear stratification is visible. Premature tiny crypts (F) perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the villi, called an ectopic crypt formation, are distinctive. G, H, Two examples of serrated lesions with focal dysplasia (mixed polyps). G, Nondysplastic hyperplastic upper left part and dysplastic component with morphology resembling traditional serrated adenoma on the right-hand side of the lesion. H, There are two dysplastic elements characteristic of traditional serrated adenoma on the lower right and conventional adenoma on the upper left. “
“In the article from the ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, “Endoscopic mucosal tissue sampling” (Gastrointest Endosc 2013;78:216-24), the references included in the notes of Table 2 are inaccurate and should be ignored.

BK – study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, write an article. EJ – study design, MK0683 order acceptance of final manuscript version. MK, MC-K – data collection, analysis and interpretation. UG-C – endoscopic examination with biopsy for histopathological examination. HW – acceptance of final manuscript version. None declared. None declared. The work described in this article have been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans; EU Directive 2010/63/EU for animal experiments; Uniform

Requirements for manuscripts submitted to Biomedical journals. The own research were conducted according to the Good Clinical Practice guidelines and accepted by local Bioethics Committee. “
“Myelomeningocele Bioactive Compound Library clinical trial (MMC) is the most common neurological congenital anomaly, affecting approximately 300 000 newborns worldwide every year. The incidence is approximately 1 case per 1000 in the US and ranges from 0.7 in central France to 7.7 in the United Arab Emirates, and 11.7 in South America [1]. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, yearly prevalence of neural tube defects declined, predating any periconceptional folic acid supplementation policy initiatives, from 45 per 10 000 births in 1980 to 10 to 15 per 10 000 in the 1990s [2]. In contrast, in the rest of

Europe the prevalence during the 1980s and thereafter was close to 10 per 10 000 births. In Europe (excluding Southern Europe), in spite of the significant decrease in neural tube defects prevalence in Northern Netherlands, the decrease for all registries combined is slight and non-significant was found. In South Europe the decline in neural tube defects prevalence since 1992 was significant [3]. The prevalence of MMC in Poland is 6.2 per 10 000 births [4]. Mejnartowicz determined the neural tube defects prevalence in

children born in 1997–2002 to mothers residing in the Wielkopolskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie and Lubuskie Provinces [5]. The calculated neural tube defects prevalence was 10.87 per 10 000 live- and stillbirths in all three provinces. In the same period, the 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase prevalence among liveborns was 10.12, and among stillborns 125.76 per 10 000. The prevalence of different types of neural tube defects per 10 000 live- and stillbirths was as follows: anencephaly 2.35, spina bifida 7.27, encephalocoele 1.25.There were no significant differences between the results of the current study and the results of the previous polish population-based studies. Patients with MMC have a range of physical (the difficulties with bowel and bladder management as well as ambulation challenges), intellectual, and communication impairments, with a wide range of severity. All clinical symptoms of MMC have a significant and cumulative impact on family functioning [6].

Entre ces deux extrémités, il existe un continuum d’enjeux éducatifs: apprentissage de concepts scientifiques sous-jacents stabilisés, prise de décision, apprentissage www.selleckchem.com/products/nu7441.html de la nature des sciences,

mobilisation de procédures cognitives et affectives de haut niveau (identification des intérêts divergents des parties prenantes, évaluation des risques et incertitudes, construction d’un raisonnement socio-scientifique, identification des valeurs des acteurs, évaluation des preuves et analyse critique des méthodologies de recherche, raisonnement éthique, etc.). Ces procédures contribuent au développement de la pensée critique. Lorsque la pensée critique est visée, le focus se déplace vers l’extrémité chaude. Le développement de la « pensée critique » est souvent préconisé, mais elle n’est pas réellement définie. Dans la littérature, la pensée critique peut relever de compétences, de procédures, de principes et de dispositions.

Les critères utilisés peuvent être différents, par exemple: produire un raisonnement justifié, interroger la validité de données, problématiser, mener une réflexion socio- épistémologique, identifier des risques et incertitudes, penser par soi-même, même en opposition vis-à-vis de son groupe social. Selon Jiménez Aleixandre and Puig (2010), la pensée critique est composée de deux éléments principaux: i ) la rationalité, c’est-à-dire l’utilisation de la preuve et la volonté de chercher des preuves et d’interroger des faits établis et ii ) une opinion indépendante fondée sur le questionnement du point de vue de son propre groupe social et sur l’analyse critique Natural Product Library concentration de discours qui justifient l’inégalité. Jiménez Aleixandre and Puig (2010) assimilent le premier

élément à l’argumentation et le second à l׳émancipation sociale. Fludarabine supplier Selon nous, dans une perspective émancipatrice, la pensée critique peut être définie sur la base de la mise en œuvre de procédures cognitives de haut niveau ainsi que sur la base d’une conception fondamentalement socio-épistémologique de la construction des savoirs. Conformément à cette conception, le développement de la pensée critique repose sur le traitement critique des données fournies par les producteurs symboliques de savoirs (scientifiques ou non). Cela implique une réflexion épistémologique (une étude critique de la méthodologie utilisée pour produire les éléments de preuve, une étude des risques, des incertitudes) et une analyse socio-épistémologique (Qui sont les producteurs de savoirs? Quels sont leurs intérêts, leurs alliances, leurs oppositions?) (Simonneaux, 2013). Compte tenu de la nature des QSV, il est également nécessaire d’analyser les facteurs psycho-sociologiques qui déterminent les positions et les comportements des acteurs impliqués. L’enseignement-apprentissage de QSV intègre des dimensions affectives et sociales.