, 1990 and Snowden et al., 2008), Parkinson’s disease (Dara et al., 2008), Alzheimer’s disease (Taler et al., 2008) and frontotemporal dementia (right temporal lobe atrophy: Perry et al., 2001). The brain basis for prosodic deficits in these disorders remains largely unexplored. Studies of prosody in patients with stroke or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in cognitively-normal individuals have implicated a predominantly right-sided (though often bilateral)

distributed fronto-temporo-parietal network in the processing of emotional prosody, with less consistent lateralisation for the processing of linguistic prosody (e.g., Tong et al., 2005, Ethofer et al., 2006, Pell, 2006a, Pell, 2006b, Wildgruber et al., 2006, Beaucousin et al., 2007, Arciuli and Slowiaczek, 2007, Wiethoff et al., 2008 and Ross AZD6738 and Monnot, 2008). The present findings in PPA corroborate this previous

work, delineating a distributed network of areas associated with processing of different dimensions of linguistic and emotional prosody. While the findings here suggest predominantly left hemispheric associations, there is an important caveat in that the region of maximal disease involvement in the PPA syndromes is left lateralised: by restricting analysis to this leftward asymmetric disease region, we have delineated anatomical areas that are more likely to be true disease associations, but limited the potential to detect right hemispheric associations of prosodic processing. The cortical associations of acoustic FG-4592 purchase and linguistic prosody processing identified here include areas (posterior temporal lobe, inferior parietal lobe) previously implicated in the perceptual analysis of nonverbal vocalisations, (Wildgruber et al., 2005, Wildgruber et al., 2006, Gandour et al., 2007, Wiethoff et al., 2008 and Ischebeck et al., 2008) and additional

fronto-parietal circuitry that may be involved in attention, working memory and ‘mirror’ responses to heard vocalisations (Warren et al., 2005 and Warren et al., 2006). Structures such as cingulate cortex that participate in generic attentional and related processes may be engaged particularly second by demands for suprasegmental analysis of vocalisations (Knösche et al., 2005). Associations of emotional prosody processing were identified in a broadly overlapping network of frontal, temporal and parietal areas, including components of the limbic system. Within this network, certain areas may have relative specificity for recognition of particular negative emotions. The insula and mesial temporal structures are involved in recognition of emotions (in particular, disgust) in various modalities (Phillips et al., 1997, Hennenlotter et al., 2004 and Jabbi et al., 2008). Anterior temporal cortical areas have been previously implicated in visual processing of negative emotions (in particular, sadness) in both healthy subjects (Britton et al., 2006) and patients with dementia (Rosen et al.