Maternal mortality was significantly higher during the war, mainly due to lower adequacy and accessibility of health care, explosive injuries, and inadequate nutrition.”
“OBJECTIVES: We explored whether high blood pressure is associated with metabolic, inflammatory and prothrombotic dysregulation in patients with metabolic syndrome.

METHODS: Crenolanib manufacturer We evaluated 135 consecutive overweight/obese patients. From this group, we selected 75 patients who were not under the regular use of medications for metabolic syndrome as defined by the current Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults criteria. The patients were divided into metabolic syndrome with and without high blood pressure criteria

(>= 130/>= 85 mmHg).

RESULTS: Compared to the 45 metabolic selleckchem syndrome patients without high blood pressure, the 30 patients with metabolic syndrome and high blood pressure had significantly higher glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and creatinine values; in contrast, these patients had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol values. Metabolic syndrome patients

with high blood pressure also had significantly higher levels of retinol-binding protein 4, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and lower levels of adiponectin. Moreover, patients with metabolic syndrome and high blood pressure had increased surrogate markers of sympathetic activity and decreased baroreflex 3-deazaneplanocin A sensitivity. Logistic regression analysis showed that high-density lipoprotein, retinol-binding protein 4 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were independently associated with metabolic syndrome patients with high blood pressure. There is a strong trend for an independent association between metabolic syndrome patients with high blood pressure and glucose levels.

CONCLUSIONS: High blood pressure, which may be related

to the autonomic dysfunction, is associated with metabolic, inflammatory and prothrombotic dysregulation in patients with metabolic syndrome.”
“Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors control the motivational properties and reinforcing effects of nicotine. Indeed, peripheral administration of a CB1 receptor antagonist dramatically decreases both nicotine taking and seeking. However, the neural substrates through which the cannabinoid CB1 receptors regulate the voluntary intake of nicotine remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we sought to determine whether central injections of a CB1 receptor antagonist delivered either into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) or the nucleus accumbens (NAC) may alter nicotine intravenous self-administration (IVSA). Rats were first trained to self-administer nicotine (30g/kg/0.1ml). The effect of central infusions of the CB1 antagonist AM 251 (0, 1 and 10g/0.

“
“Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem all over the world. It frequently causes a considerable

social burden because of its high incidence of death and long-term disability, especially in the case of severe TBI. Recent studies revealed that the spleen might contribute to secondary brain injury after ischemia or intracerebral hemorrhage. 3-MA ic50 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of the spleen in traumatic brain edema after severe TBI.

Methods: We established a severe TBI model with rats and performed splenectomy to observe the mortality, brain water content, cognitive function (water maze), and cytokines levels, including interleukin (IL)-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, and

IL-10, in the blood plasma (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and their mRNA expression levels in injured brain tissue (quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction).

Results: The immediate splenectomy after TBI significantly decreased the death rate from 35.42% to Temsirolimus order 14.89% and eliminated the brain water content of the injured brain, especially at days 2 and 3. The Morris water maze assessment showed an improved spatial reference memory in rats that underwent both TBI and splenectomy when compared with those in the TBI group, 4 weeks later. Splenectomy reduced the IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 contents in the blood serum after TBI, and the mRNA expression levels of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 in the ipsilateral brain tissue also decreased.

Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that splenectomy has a protective effect on rats with severe TBI by inhibiting

proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, both systematically and locally in www.selleckchem.com/products/anlotinib-al3818.html the injured brain, hence leading to a decreased mortality and improved cognitive function.”
“Background We evaluate the relative importance of birth weight and postnatal growth for cognition and behavioural development in 8389 Chinese children, 4-7 years of age.

Method Weight was the only size measure available at birth. Weight, height, head circumference and intelligence quotient (IQ) were measured between 4 and 7 years of age. Z-scores of birth weight and postnatal conditional weight gain to 4-7 years, as well as height and head circumference at 4-7 years of age, were the exposure variables. Z-scores of weight at 4-7 years were regressed on birth weight Z-scores, and the residual was used as the measure of postnatal conditional weight gain. The outcomes were child’s IQ, measured by the Chinese Wechsler Young Children Scale of Intelligence, as well as internalizing behavioural problems, externalizing behavioural problems and other behavioural problems, evaluated by the Child Behavior Checklist 4-18.

Our review of the literature suggests that existing models of food demand fail to incorporate the required Engel flexibility when (i) aggregating different find more food budget shares among households; and (ii) changing budget shares as income

grows. We perform simple simulations to predict growth in food demand under alternative income distribution scenarios taking into account nonlinearity of food demand. Results suggest that (i) distributional effects are to be expected from changes in between-countries inequality, rather than within-country inequality; and ( ii) simulations of an optimistic and a pessimistic scenario of income inequality suggest that world food demand in 2050 would be 2.7 per cent higher and 5.4 per cent lower than distributional-neutral growth, respectively.”
“We have investigated the magnetic and electrical response of the sol-gel synthesized NiFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles. Changes in the impedance plane plots with temperature have been discussed and correlated to the microstructure of the material. Thermally activated hopping carriers between Fe(3+)-Fe(2+) and Ni(2+)-Ni(3+) ions have been Poziotinib cell line determined for a decrease in the resistance of the sample and a change in the conduction mechanism around 318 K. The mixed spinel structure and broken exchange bonds due to small

size effects are due to the canted spin structure at the surface of the nanoparticles. The magnetization is found to be influenced by the surface spin canting and anisotropy. We have established the semiconducting

to metallic transition (SMT) temperature to be around 358 K in terms of localized and delocalized e(g) electrons along with a transition from less conductive [Fe(3+)-O(2-)-Fe(3+)] and [Ni(2+)-O(2-)-Ni(2+)] Galardin cell line linkage to more conductive [Fe(3+)-Fe(2+)] and [Ni(2+)-Ni(3+)] linkage at the octahedral B site. A decrease in the dielectric constant with temperature has been discussed in terms of the depletion of space charge layers due to the repulsion of delocalized e(g) electrons from the grain boundary planes. The anomalies in tangent loss and conductivity data around 358 K are discussed in the context of the SMT. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3582142]“
“BACKGROUND: Medically refractory right ventricular failure (MR-RVF) is associated with high in-hospital mortality and is managed with surgical assist devices, atrial septostomy, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. This study explored the hemodynamic effect associated with a percutaneous RV support device (pRVSD) for MR-RVF.

METHODS: Between 2008 and 2010, 9 patients with MR-RVF, defined as cardiogenic shock despite maximal medical therapy, were treated with a pRVSD. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, hemodynamic and laboratory data, and details of pRVSD implantation.

RESULTS: MR-RVF was due to severe sepsis in 1 patient (11.1%), post-cardiotomy syndrome in 2 (22.

The reenter pinned dilute vortex liquid behavior and the intrinsic quantum vortex liquid (QVL) phenomenon are also obtained, consistent with the recent experimental reports in disordered and superconducting MoGe films. The peak effect of critical current in the vortex glass is induced by intrinsic collective pinning effects in the plastic flow and the enhancement of critical current and voltage noise in the QVL phase

arises from intrinsic quantum fluctuations in the moving vortex flow. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3514140]“
“The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in sulphuric acid solution in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinyl Ruboxistaurin chemical structure pyrrolidone (PVP), and their blends was investigated using weight loss and hydrogen evolution techniques at temperature range of 30-60 degrees C. It was found that inhibition efficiency (eta%) increases with increase in concentration of the homopolymers and decreases with increase in temperature. Inhibition efficiency was found to be synergistically enhanced on blending the two polymers with highest inhibition efficiency obtained for (PEG : PVP) blending ratio of 1 : 3. The experimental data obtained fitted well into Temkin

adsorption isotherm model. Physical this website adsorption mechanism is proposed from the trend of inhibition efficiency with temperature. The proposed mechanism is also corroborated by kinetic and thermodynamic parameters obtained. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 2072-2084, 2011″
“The tunneling times of electrons in one-dimensional potential structures were studied using a projected Green function (PGF) method. The approach was applied to cases with potentials with one barrier, two barriers, and three barriers at the right side of a quantum well

where the electron is located at the initial time. Our results include the effects of well width and barrier thickness on the tunneling time, and also show the impact on the tunneling time of splitting a single barrier into more barriers. SCH727965 cell line This study confirms not only the validity of the PGF method but also reveals the impact of the potential structure on the operation speed of resonant tunneling devices. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3514129]“
“Effect of irradiation on mechanical and structural properties of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA) hollow fibers was studied by the tests such as determination of gel content, density, tensile, FTIR, SEM, and DMA. These effects were discussed based on dose and irradiation environment. The results of gel content depicted that irradiated EVA in ambient conditions had tendency to chain scission while the crosslinking overcame in irradiated samples under nitrogen. Density insignificantly enhanced with irradiation dose.

Misuse of antimicrobials is the key factor for the selection of MRSP strains in healthy dogs and for their persistence over time. Dog breeders should be aware that infections caused by multiresistant bacteria have very limited therapeutical options and represent a huge challenge for animal health.”
“Objective: Evaluate the association between body mass index (BMI) and the delivery of an asymmetrically

large for gestational age (A-LGA) newborn in women with diabetes. Methods: PERK inhibitor Retrospective analysis of 306 pregnancies complicated by Type 1 and 55 by Type 2 diabetes. Results: The prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetics delivering large for gestational age (LGA) infants was 42% and 49%, respectively. Of these selleck compound 49% and 55% were A-LGA, respectively. Pre-pregnancy BMI was not associated with increased odds of delivering an A-LGA newborn in women with Type 1 or 2 diabetes. However, in Type 1 diabetics, each one-pound increase in maternal weight during pregnancy resulted in 4% increased odds of delivering an A-LGA newborn. For Type 2 diabetics, the odds of delivering an A-LGA infant was decreased by 10% for each 0.1 unit/kg increase in insulin dose. Conclusion: Although there is a known

association between obesity and LGA in women with diabetes, we found that overweight and obese women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes do not have increased odds of delivering an A-LGA newborn. However, insulin dose in Type 2 diabetes and maternal weight gain in Type 1 diabetes were significantly associated with the odds of delivering an A-LGA neonate.”
“Contents Antioxidants in the male reproductive tract are the main defence factors against oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species Ganetespib inhibitor production, which compromises sperm function and male fertility. This study was designed to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in the testicular and epididymidal tissues of

adult male European bison (Bison bonasus). The reproductive tract tissues were subjected to real-time reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to quantify mRNA expression levels of five antioxidant enzymes: copper/zinc SOD (Cu/Zn SOD), secretory extracellular SOD (Ec-SOD), CAT, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) and GPx5. The corpus and cauda epididymidal tissues displayed greater (p < 0.05) SOD activity compared with the testicular tissue. It was found that CAT activity was lowest (p < 0.05) in the cauda epididymidis, whereas negligible GPx activity was detected in the reproductive tract tissues. There were no detectable differences in the mRNA expression level of Cu/Zn SOD among the different reproductive tract tissues.

Conclusion Tumor size does not appear to correlate with malignancy in a clinically significant manner. Malignant paraganglioma may be more aggressive than malignant pheochromocytoma and is frequently offered more adjuvant therapy. PCC and PG should be evaluated separately in future analyses of these diseases.”
“A diagnosis of advanced LDN-193189 ovarian cancer is the beginning of a long and arduous journey for a patient. Worldwide, approximately

half of the individuals undergoing therapy for advanced cancer will succumb to the disease, or consequences of treatment. Well-known and widely- used chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin, paclitaxel, 5- fluorouracil, and doxorubicin are toxic to both cancer and non- cancerous cells, and have debilitating side effects Therefore, development of new targeted anticancer therapies that

can selectively kill cancer cells while sparing the surrounding healthy tissues is essential to develop more effective therapies. We have developed a new class of synthetic curcumin analogs, diarylidenyl- piperidones (DAPs), which have higher anticancer activity and enhanced bio- absorption than curcumin. The DAP backbone structure exhibits cytotoxic (anticancer) activity, selleck chemicals whereas the Nhydroxypyrroline (- NOH) moiety found on some variants functions as a cellular- or tissue- specific modulator (antioxidant) of cytotoxicity. The anticancer activity of the DAPs has been evaluated using a number of NSC23766 inhibitor ovarian cancer cell lines, and the safety has been evaluated in a number of non- cancerous cell lines. Both variations of the DAP compounds showed similar levels of cell death in ovarian cancer cells, however the compounds with the NOH modification were less toxic to non- cancerous cells. The selective cytotoxicity of the DAP- NOH compounds suggests that they will be useful as safe and effective anticancer agents. This article reviews some of the key findings of our work with the DAP compounds, and compares this to some of the targeted therapies currently used in ovarian cancer therapy.”
“OBJECTIVE: To

analyse the results after elective open total aortic arch replacement.

METHODS: We analysed 39 patients (median age 63 years, median logistic EuroSCORE 18.4) who underwent elective open total arch replacement between 2005 and 2012.

RESULTS: In-hospital mortality was 5.1% (n = 2) and perioperative neurological injury was 12.8% (n = 5). The indication for surgery was degenerative aneurysmal disease in 59% (n = 23) and late aneurysmal formation following previous surgery of type A aortic dissection in 35.9% (n = 14); 5.1% (n = 2) were due to anastomotical aneurysms after prior ascending repair. Fifty-nine percent (n = 23) of the patients had already undergone previous proximal thoracic aortic surgery. In 30.8% (n = 12) of them, a conventional elephant trunk was added to total arch replacement, in 28.2% (n = 11), root replacement was additionally performed.

Participants and Methods: The participants were 36 patients with severe periodontal disease, who cannot be cured with any other treatments except the extirpation Selleckchem STA-9090 of all teeth. The 36 patients are all patients who underwent regenerative treatment of the alveolar bone through tooth replantation and transplantation of the iliac cancellous bone (the bone marrow) as well as endoscopic surgery for maxillary sinus lift from May 2003 to July 2007 in our clinic. A total of 120 implants were placed in these patients when the replanted teeth fell out because of root resorption, and the success rate was examined.

Results: The success rates of the implants were 16

of 33 (48%) in the group when surveyed less than 2 years after the surgery and 84 of 87 (96.5%) in the group when surveyed more than 2 years after the

surgery. A statistically significant difference was found between the 2 groups (Chi-squared test, P < 0.001).

Conclusions and Considerations: It was believed that it takes approximately 2 years for the bones in the maxillary sinus floor, augmented through endoscopic surgery for maxillary sinus lift, to attain the thickness and hardness required for implant placement. Therefore, although the implant treatment should be performed later than 2 years after surgery, chewing is possible during this period, with the replanted teeth that were used for regenerative treatment of the AZD1480 clinical trial this website alveolar bone. It is believed that this is an extremely effective treatment method to improve the patients’ quality of life.”
“Purpose:

To demonstrate eco-friendly biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by Enterobacteriaceae.

Methods: Pure colonies of nine different bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family were separated from water and cultured in Luria Bertani broth medium. Their respective supernatants were examined for ability to produce gold nanoparticles. In this step, 1 mM solution of Gold(III) chloride trihydrate H(AuCl4) added to reaction matrices (supernatant) separately. The reaction was performed in a dark environment at 37 degrees C. After 24 h, it was observed that the color of the solutions turned to dark purple from light yellow. The gold nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for yield, particle size, shape and presence of different functional groups, respectively. The nanoparticles were centrifuged and re-dispersed in double distilled water thrice to purify them for FTIR studies.

Results: The gold nanoparticles were fairly uniform in size, spherical in shape and with Z-average diameter ranging from 11.8 to 459 nm depending on the bacteria used. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of various functional groups in the gold nanoparticles which were also present in the bacterial extract.

Correlation analysis among the studied variables was performed, as well as a linear regression analysis to determine the effect of femoral neck T-score, spine T-score, age, and BMI as independent predictors of the Cobb angle in the lumbar spine.

Results. The prevalence of lumbar scoliosis was 12.9% (49 cases); 43 cases (11.3%) had lumbar curves 10 degrees or more but Selleckchem BIX 01294 less than 20 degrees, and six cases (1.6%) had lumbar curves more than 20 degrees. Age and BMI were independent predictors of the Cobb angle; the femoral neck T-score

and the lumbar T-score were not independent predictors of the Cobb angle.

Conclusion. We found a 12.9% prevalence of lumbar scoliosis in postmenopausal women aged 50 years and older, most of them with mild curves. Age and BMI are independent predictors of lumbar scoliosis. Bone mineral density (BMD) is not an independent predictor of the magnitude of the curve.”
“Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers were fabricated via a dry-jet wet-spinning technique, and a solvent-free coagulation bath system was adopted. The effects of different types of dope solvent on the formation and physical properties of the PAN fibers were investigated. Dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were selected as the solvents and were added to a spinning solution consisting of 18 wt % PAN. The PAN fibers were examined with

field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The field SBE-β-CD in vivo emission scanning electron micrographs revealed that the PAN fibers with the DMSO solvent

exhibited a more circular shape and a smoother skin. The PAN fibers with the DMSO solvent had their glass-transition temperature ubiquitin-Proteasome degradation (T(g)) at 121 degrees C. This study indicated that the different types of dope solvent used in the dope preparation did not affect T(g) of the PAN fibers because of the solvent-free coagulation bath system; however, they significantly affected the physical formation of the PAN fibers. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 2467-2472, 2011″
“Replication of HIV-1 under selective pressure frequently results in the evolution of virus variants that replicate more efficiently under the applied conditions. For example, in patients on antiretroviral therapy, such evolution can result in variants that are resistant to the HIV-1 inhibitors, thus frustrating the therapy. On the other hand, virus evolution can help us to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie HIV-1 replication. For example, evolution of a defective virus mutant can result in variants that overcome the introduced defect by restoration of the original sequence or by the introduction of additional mutations in the viral genome. Analysis of the evolution pathway can reveal the requirements of the element under study and help to understand its function.

Data from three dedicated phantom studies (activity range: 55.2 MBq-2.1 GBq) carried out on a Philips Gemini TF 16 PET/CT scanner were analyzed after reconstruction with up to 361 parameter configurations. For activities above

200 MBq, scanner linearity could be confirmed with relative error margins <4%. An acquisition-time-normalized calibration factor of 1.04 MBq . s/CNTS was determined for the employed scanner. Stable activity convergence was found in hot phantom regions with relative differences in summed image intensities between -3.6% and +2.4%. Absolute differences in background noise artifacts between -79.9% and +350% were observed. Quantitative accuracy was dominated by subset size selection in the reconstruction. DMXAA price Using adequate segmentation and optimized acquisition parameters, the average activity recovery error MDV3100 manufacturer induced by the axial scanner sensitivity profile was reduced to +2.4% +/- 3.4% (mean +/-

standard deviation). We conclude that post-therapy dose assessment in Y-90 PET can be improved using adapted parameter setups.”
“Objective/hypothesis A comparison of the histopathological effect of topical use of Mitomycin C and 5-Fluorouracil in preventing myringotomy closure in rats. Study design: clinical trial.

Methods and materials The study was performed on 43 rats that were divided into three groups. Study groups (A and B) and control group (C) after bilateral cold-knife myringotomy, we applied Mitomycin C (MMC) 4 mg/ml to group A. 5-Fluouracil (5FU) 50 mg/ml to group B, and normal saline to group C. An examination of all ears of rats was carried out by otoscope on days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and then every five days up to Nutlin-3 manufacturer 70 days. Each day’s closed myringotomies of all groups were examined.

Results The mean of post myringotomy opening time was 37. 16, and 12 days respectively in MMC, 5FU, and saline. Patency duration of MMC group was significantly long (p < 0.0001), but in histopatholgical examinations, sclerosis of tympanic membrane in MMC group showed the highest patency duration (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Mitomycin C significantly prolonged the duration of myringotomy patency time – longer than 5-Fluouracil and saline but with the adverse effects of tympanic membrane fibrosis. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of two populations of Vitex rivularis (subgenus Vitex) collected during the flowering phase of the plants was investigated by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the main group in both samples, the main compound being germacrene D. This composition is markedly different from that of the other African species, with the exception of Vitex ferruginea subsp. amboniensis, which belongs to the same subgenus as V. rivularis.

There is little literature assessing donor motivation in China, and comparison with western countries such as Canada is important in understanding the application of Western literature. We compared motivational factors in donors from the city of Xi’an, PKA inhibitor China, with Canadian donors matched for age, sex and donation status. Materials and Methods A total of 218 donors in Xi’an completed an interview about motivation as did 218 Canadian donors matched for age, sex and donation status. Frequencies and percentages of responses to questions were tabulated

and compared using the Chi-squared test. Results Donors in Xi’an and Canada felt a personal responsibility to donate blood (81 center dot 2% vs. 78 center dot 0%, P=0 center dot 2057), but Xi’an donors were more likely to consider blood donation a social responsibility (81 center dot 7% vs. 45 center dot 2%, P<0 center dot 0001). Xi’an donors more often believed that society views donation as a normal activity (98 center dot 6% vs. 48 center dot 4%, P<0 center dot 0001) and that the social atmosphere promotes donation (90 center dot 3% vs. 53 center dot 5%, P<0 center dot 0001) and saw greater health benefit (52 center dot 3% vs. 12 center dot 5%, P<0 center dot 0001). Most Xi’an donors believed in balance between their life force (Qi) and blood (86 center dot 7% vs. 49 center dot 8%, P<0 center

dot 0001) but did not believe blood lost from donating would affect this (0 center dot 5% vs. 3 center dot 8%, P=0 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sis3.html center dot 01). Conclusion While traditional Chinese beliefs may not be seen as a barrier among people in Xi’an who donate blood, blood donation is seen differently than by Canadian donors. There is a need for more research specific to China

to tailor recruitment strategies.”
“Objective: To compare the topical administration of bupivacaine hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride with epinephrine and saline in alleviating post tonsillectomy pain.

Study selleck products design: A double-blind prospective randomized controlled clinical study.

Methods: Between November 2008 and March 2009, 60 patients (32 males and 28 females) between ages of 1.5 and 15 years were recruited into the study. After informed consent was obtained from the parents, patients, admitted for tonsillectomy, were randomized into three groups using sealed envelops. Group 1 (20 patients, mean age 5.2 +/- 1.7) received topical lidocaine hydrochloride (20 mg/ml) with 0.00125% epinephrine. Group 2 (20 patients, mean age 6 +/- 3.7) received topical 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride and group 3 (20 patients, mean age 6.7 +/- 3.6) received topical saline.

Results: The post-operative pain scores at 1 h were similar among the groups (p = 0.29). Pain scores in bupivacaine hydrochloride group were significantly lesser than the saline group at 5th, 13th, 17th and 21st hours, until the sixth day (p < 0.017).