Z Naturforsch 20b:482–487 Oleynikov PV (2000) German scientists

in the Soviet Atomic Project. Nonprolif Rev VII:1–30 Pirson A (1994) Sixty years in algal physiology and photosynthesis. find more Photosynth Res 40:207–221. doi:10.​1007/​BF00034771 CrossRef Schmid GH, Jankowicz M, Menke W (1976) Cyclic photophosphorylation BIBW2992 order and chloroplast structure in the labellum of the orchid Aceras anthropophorum. J Microsc Biol Cell 26:25–28 Schmid GH, Menke W, Radunz A, Koenig F (1978) Polypeptides of the thylakoid membrane and their functional characterization. Z Naturforsch 33c:723–730 Von Ardenne M (1997) Erinnerungen, fortgeschrieben. Droste-Verlag, Düsseldorf Weber F (1933) Myelinfiguren und Sphärolithe aus Spirogyra-Chloroplasten. Protoplasma 19:455–462. doi:10.​1007/​BF01606241 CrossRef”
“1 I Biographies George Akoyunoglou (1927–1986) Papageorgiou GC (1987) George Akoyunoglou (1927–1986). Photosynth Res 11:283–286 Jan Amesz (1934–2001) Hoff AJ, Aartsma (2002) Jan Amesz (11 March 1934–29 January 2001). Photosynth Res 71:1–4 Daniel I. Arnon (1910–1994) Buchanan AZD5363 nmr BB (1995) Introduction: the life of Daniel I Arnon. Photosynth Res 46:3–6 Buchanan BB, Carlson D (1995) Daniel I Arnon: portrayal of a research career. Photosynth Res 46:7–12 Malkin R (1995) Daniel I Arnon (1910–1994). Photosynth Res 43(2):77–80 William Arnold

(1904–2001) Herron HA (1996) About Bill Arnold, my father. Photosynth Res 48(1–2):3–7 Pearlstein RM (1996) Bill

Arnold: scientist, philosopher, friend. Photosynth Res 48(1–2):9–10 Strehler BL (1996) Halcyon days with Bill Arnold. Photosynth Res 48(1–2):11–18 Mordhay Avron (1931–1991) Malkin S, Gromet-Elhanan Z (1992) Mordhay Avron (1931–1991). Photosynth Res 31(2):71–73 Sestak Z (1992) Mordhay Avron (1931–1991). Photosynthetica 26:163–164 Gerald T. Babcock (1946–2000) Yocum C, Ferguson-Miller S, Blankenship R (2001) Gerald T Babcock (1946–2000). Photosynth Res 68(2):89–94 Charles Reid Barnes (1858–1910) Gest H (2002) History of the word photosynthesis and evolution of its definition. Photosynth Res 73(1–3):7–10 Smocovitis VB (2006) One hundred Ponatinib purchase years of American botany: a short history of Botanical Society of America. Am J Bot 93:942–952 John Biggins (1936–2004) Bruce D, Sauer K (2005) John Biggins (1936–2004): his ingenuity, tenacity and humor; no-nonsense science with a big heart. Photosynth Res 85(3):261–265 Frederick Frost Blackman (1866–1947) Briggs GE (1948) F.F. Blackman (1866–1947). Obit Notices Fellows R Soc 5(16):651–658 Steward FC, Memorial Committee (1947) In memoriam: Frederick Frost Blackman (July 25, 1866–January 30, 1947). Plant Physiol 22(3):ii–viii Lawrence Blinks (1900–1989) A symposium “A tribute to Lawrence R. Blinks: ions, light, and algae” was held on July 31, 2006, University of California-Chico, Botanical Society of America; Chair: Anitra Thorhaug. See abstracts at: http://​www.​2006.​botanyconference​.

The sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and incubated with pepsin for 25 min at 37°C. The hybridization liquid that contains the Digoxigenin-labelled GW-572016 clinical trial RNA probes was placed on the sections, and the sections were then covered by parafilm and incubated at 42°C for 24 h in a moisture chamber. After hybridization, the slides were washed with different concentrations of SSC to remove the excess probe. The washed slides were incubated with diluted anti-Digoxigenin antibody conjugated HRP at 37°C for 2 h at room temperature, and colored with DAB (Zhongshan Jinqiao biotech company, Beijing, China) at 37°C for 30 min

with no exposure to light. The negative control samples PF-3084014 in vivo included the following: (i) RNase treatment (20 mg/ml) hybridization and (ii) use of neither probes nor anti-Digoxigenin antibody; the controls exhibited no positive signals. The positive controls included the positive slices provided by the kit and the combined use of ISH and IHC. The mRNA expression levels of Hsp90-beta and annexin A1 were Vorinostat independently evaluated by two pathologists (Wang JS and Li J). The mRNA levels of Hsp90-beta and annexin A1 exhibited positive staining in the cytoplasm. A specific scoring method for ISH was performed according to a previously published report [12]. The scoring method was as follows: according to the signal intensity, the signals

were divided into 4 groups, namely, absent (0), low (+), moderate (++), and

high (+++). For statistical analysis, we grouped the patients as low (0, +), moderate (++), and high (+++). Western blot The harvested cells were washed once with PBS, lysed with 2× sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) sample buffer (20 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 2% SDS, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 1 mM Na3VO4, 2 mM EDTA, and 20% glycerol), and boiled for 5 min. The protein concentration of each sample was determined using a Micro-BCA protein assay. In all samples, 30 μg of the total cellular protein was loaded on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel and electrophoretically separated. The proteins were transferred Phloretin to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membranes were blocked for 2 h at 37°C in 20 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05% Tween 20 (TBST) containing either 5% BSA or 5% nonfat dried milk. The membranes were incubated with various antibodies (for immunoblotting with anti-Hsp90-beta 1:200 and annexin A1 antibody 1:400) overnight at 4°C. The primary antibodies were detected using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies, and after three washes with TBST, positive signals were visualized using the enhanced chemiluminescence method. All experiments were performed for three separate times. Statistical analysis The associations between the expression status and clinico-pathological parameters were analyzed using the χ 2, Fisher’s exact, and McNemar tests.

On the other hand, graphene has extremely high electron mobility, excellent rate capability, reversibility, and high chemical stability; it has improved electrochemical performance compared with other carbon family materials such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, etc. [3]. Moreover, graphene oxide (GO) is considered to be a better choice for the electrodes of supercapacitors than graphene [4]. However, both ZnO NWs and GO suffered from limitations in the real applications. For ZnO NWs, it exhibits low abundance and exhibit poor rate capability and reversibility during the charge/discharge process. For the GO, it is still

limited by the low capacitance. Therefore, it is highly desirable for integrating these two materials together because both the double-layer capacitance of GO and pseudocapacitance AZD1152 chemical structure of ZnO NWs can contribute to the total capacitive performances. Though a few reports have been found on the electrochemical properties of ZnO nanostructures/GO nanocomposites [5–8], however, research on the performance of vertically aligned ZnO NWs/GO heterostructures are very limited although much progress in the controllable synthesis of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods on GO or graphene has been

made [9–12]. In this letter, vertically aligned ZnO NWs were grown on GO films using low-temperature hydrothermal method. The optical properties and electrochemical properties of the ZnO NWs/GO heterostructures were studied. Our results showed that the oxygen-containing groups on the surface of GO films can check details act as the nucleation sites and facilitate the next vertical growth of ZnO NWs. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra demonstrated that the deep-level light emission of ZnO NWs grown on GO films were greatly suppressed. Electrochemical property measurement proved that the capacitance of the ZnO NWs/GO heterostructures were much larger than that of the single GO films or ZnO NWs, indicating that such a structure can indeed improve the performance of supercapacitors. Since ZnO NWs are widely studied as sensors, Selonsertib clinical trial nanogenerators,

etc. [13–15] and reduced GO is a good transparent electrode material, we believe that such ZnO NWs/GO heterostructures presented here will also have many other potential applications in all kinds of nanodevices. Methods Overall, the procedures to synthesize ZnO NWs/GO heterostructures are as follows (Figure 1): (a) pretreating a copper mesh using an ultrasonic cleaner, (b) coating GO film onto the copper mesh substrate, (c) hydrothermal growth of ZnO NWs, and (d) separating the copper mesh from the ZnO NWs/GO heterostructure. Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of ZnO NWs/GO heterostructures. GO film was synthesized via a modified Hummers method. The product was dispersed in deionized water by a Branson Digital Sonifier (S450D, 200W, 40%; Branson Ultrasonics Corporation, Danbury, CT, USA).

533 ± 0.020 and 0.515 ± 0.025, of tumor cells NPC 5-8F and MCF-7 transfected with the plasmid pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK- EGFP and treated with GCV, respectively. Table 2 PNPC cell survival rates measured by MTT assay Codes and Samples STAT inhibitor Survival rates A. Cells without treatment 1 B. Cells transfected with

pGL3-basic-EGFP and with GCV treatment 0.984 ± 0.009 C. Cells transfected with pGL3-basic- hTERTp-TK-EGFP-CMV and treated with GCV 0.370 ± 0.024* D. Cells transfected with pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK-EGFP-CMV without GCV 0.982 ± 0.010 E. Cells transfected with pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK-EGFP and treated with GCV 0.533 ± 0.020* Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation from three experiments. * indicates p < 0.0001 compared with other groups Table 3 MCF-7 cell survival rates measured by MTT assay Codes and Samples Survival rates A. Cells without treatment 1 B. Cells transfected with pGL3-basic-EGFP and 17DMAG nmr with GCV treatment 0.987 ± 0.006 C, Cells transfected with pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK-EGFP-CMV and treated with GCV 0.462 ± 0.049* D. Cells transfected with pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK-EGFP-CMV without GCV 0.984 ± 0.011 E. Cells transfected with pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK-EGFP

and treated with GCV 0.515 ± 0.025* Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation from three experiments. * indicates p < 0.0001 compared with other groups 6. find more Injection of pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK-EGFP-CMV/GCV inhibited tumor progress in vivo Then we explored whether injection of pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK-EGFP -CMV/GCV could inhibit tumor progress. As showed in Figure 4 and table4, nude mice inoculated NPC 5-8F cells developed tumor with volume of 6.23 ± 0.04 cm3 and weight of 2.68 ± 0.02 g. After injection of non-enhanced plasmid and GCV, the tumor volume and weight decreased to 3.51 ± 0.02 cm3 and 1.51 ± 0.01 g (p = 0.000), respectively. In comparison, after injection of the enhanced plasmid and GCV, the tumor volume and weight decreased to 2.27 ± 0.02 cm3 and 1.17 ± 0.01 g, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of nude NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase mice injected with the non-enhanced vector (p = 0.000). The inhibition rates of tumor progress were 43.68% and 56.34% for injection of non-enhanced and enhanced plasmids, respectively. Figure

4 Tumor inhibition of pGL3-basic-hTERTp-TK-EGFP-CMV/GCV in nude mice with NPC xenograft. Shown are the NPC xenograft in nude mice without treatment (a), injected with GCV and the non-enhanced plasmid (b), injected with GCV and the enhance plasmid (c), injected with GCV(d), injected with Lipofectamine 2000 (e) and injected with the enhance plasmid without GCV (f). Table 4 Injection of pGL3-basic- hTERTp-TK- EGFP- CMV/GCV inhibited tumor development in vivo Sample Animals Tumor volume at day 39 (cm3) Tumor weight at day 39 (g) Inhibition rate Blank 5 6.23 ± 0.04 2.68 ± 0.02 / Non-enhanced group 5 3.51 ± 0.02 1.51 ± 0.01 43.68%* Enhanced group/GCV 5 2.72 ± 0.02 1.17 ± 0.01 56.34%* Enhanced group 5 5.80 ± 0.13 2.51 ± 0.05 6.48%* GCV group 5 5.98 ± 0.09 2.56 ± 0.

Note that the fluorous solvent is chemically inert to most organic and inorganic materials [14, 15]. The patterned TNP layer was annealed at 80°C for 2 h and then at 450°C for 30 min. As shown in Figure 

2a, the TNP pattern whose width (w) and distance (d) were 500 μm, respectively, was well defined according to the PDMS pattern. In principle, the TNP patterns can be achieved down to selleck kinase inhibitor a submicrometer scale depending on the dimension of the elastomer stamp patterns or the SL patterns [11]. Figure 1 Schematic diagram showing each step of our micropatterning www.selleckchem.com/products/gw3965.html method of TNPs. (a) Transfer printing of the SL on a patterned FTO glass using a PDMS stamp. (b) Doctor-blading TNP paste on the SL-patterned FTO glass to form a TNP layer of 2.5 μm thick.

(c) Soft-curing of the TNP layer at 50°C for 3 min and the lift-off process of the SL. Figure 2 Schematic diagram of TiO 2 pattern, images taken with optical microscopy and FE-SEM, and solid 19   F-NMR spectra. (a) Dimension of a TiO2 pattern: the width (w), the distance (d), and the height (h) are 500, 500, and 2.5 μm, respectively. (b) The optical microscopic image of the TNP patterns on the FTO glass. (c) The FE-SEM QNZ price image of the cross section of the patterned TNP layer of 2.5 μm thick. (d) The high-resolution FE-SEM image of the highly packed TNPs. The solid 19 F-NMR spectra of (e) an empty rotor and (f) a TNP layer after being treated with a fluorous solvent. Preparation of a DSSC array Each patterned TNP used 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase as an individual photoanode for a unit cell was connected in series for

a high-voltage DSSC array. The patterned TNP layer was immersed in a solution of 3 mM Z907 dye (Solaronix SA) dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and tert-butyl alcohol for 24 h. The dye-coated TNP layer was simply washed with acetonitrile. For the solid-state hole transport material (HTM), spiro-OMeTAD (American Dye Source, Inc., Baie D’Urfé, Quebec, Canada) dissolved in chlorobenzene was mixed with a lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide salt ionic dopant dissolved in acetonitrile. The solution was placed on the whole TNP-patterned FTO glass, and the pores in the TNP layer were filled with the solution by capillary action for 1 min. The TNP-patterned FTO glass was then spun at the rate of 2,000 rpm. For the preparation of a cathode, Au of 100 nm thick was thermally deposited at the rate of 1 Å/s through a shadow mask to connect 20 cells in series. The array of 20 DSSCs connected in series has a total active area of 1.4 cm2. Characterization methods An optical microscope and a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM; SU-70, Hitachi, Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan) were used for taking the images of the patterned TNP layer.

Basionym: Hygrophorus subovinus Hesler & A. H. Sm., North American species of Hygrophorus: 162 (1963). Type: TENNESSEE, Cade’s Cove, Great Smoky Mt. National Park, 8 Jun 1957,

on soil in deciduous woods, Hesler 22583, TENN. SB-715992 Neohygrocybe lawsonensis (A. M. Young) Lodge & Padamsee, comb. nov. SAR302503 chemical structure MycoBank MB804064. Basionym: Hygrocybe lawsonensis A. M. Young in A. M. Young & A. E. Wood, Austral. Syst. Bot. 10(6):981 (1997). Type: AUSTRALIA, New South Wales, on soil in sclerophyll forest, T. Lawson, 30 May 1992, UNSW 92/211. Neohygrocybe sect. Tristes (Bataille) Lodge & Padamsee, comb. nov. MycoBank MB804067. Basionym: Hygrophorus [unranked] Tristes Bataille, Mém. Soc. émul. Doubs, sér. 8 4:183 (1910). ≡ Hygrocybe sect. Tristes Natural Product Library (Bataille) Singer, Lilloa 22: 151 (1951) [1949] [≡ Neohygrocybe sect. “Nitratae” Herink, superfluous, nom. illeg., Art. 52.1], Lectoype designated by Singer (1951): Hygrocybe nitrata (Pers.) Wünsche, Die Pilze: 112 (1877), ≡ Agaricus nitratus Pers., Syn. meth. fung. (Göttingen) 2: 356 (1801), ≡ Neohygrocybe nitrata (Pers.) Kovalenko, Opredelitel’ Gribov SSSR (Leningrad): 40 (1989), [≡ “Neohygrocybe nitrata” (Pers.) Herink (1959), nom. invalid., Art. 33.2]. N. Sect. Tristes is emended here by Lodge to include only the type species. Odor nitrous. Differs

from sect. Neohygrocybe in flesh not staining red when bruised. Phylogenetic support The collection sequenced from North Wales (as H. nitrata) matches the type description, second so we assume that the collection sequenced from Russia is an un-named cryptic species in sect. Nitratae. The collection identified as N. nitrata from N.Y. in the Supermatrix analysis is apparently N. ingrata. Inclusion of species of sect. Nitratae in phylogenetic analyses caused instability, but we retained them in the LSU analysis. N. nitrata and N. aff. nitrata appeared in separate clades in the LSU analysis. The LSU sequence from the Russian collection appears on a long branch near the base of sect. Neohygrocybe while the sequence from the Welsh Turlogh Hill collection appears on a long branch from the

backbone. The ambiguous support for this group indicates a need for further revision with greater taxon sampling, so we have tentatively retained the section. Species included Type species: Neohygrocybe nitrata. An un-named taxon from Russia resembling N. nitrata likely also belongs here based on morophology and molecular sequences. Comments Sect. Tristes (Bataille) Singer (1951) replaces the superfluous sect. Nitratae Herink (1959) based on priority, but we retained Herink’s narrower circumscription for this group. Some collections of N. nitrata reportedly have faint staining reactions, (DMB) and the placement of these needs to be verified with DNA sequencing. Porpolomopsis Bresinsky, Regensb. Mykol. Schr. 15: 145 (2008). Type species: Porpolomopsis calyptriformis (Berk.) Bresinsky, Regensb. Mykol. Schr. 15: 145 (2008) ≡ Hygrocybe calyptriformis (Berk.) Fayod, Annls. Sci. Nat. Bot., sér.

57

    Negative values of ∆G0 of the three estrogens indicated spontaneous adsorption and the degree of spontaneity of the reaction decrease with increasing temperature. Because the physical sorption energies are in the range of 0 to −20 kJ/mol and the chemisorption energies in the range of −80 to −400 kJ/mol [28]. The interaction between the three estrogens and Nylon 6 nanofibers mat can be considered as a physical adsorption rather than chemisorption. The negative Selleck Crenolanib values of ∆H0 indicated that the adsorption process of estrogens on Nylon 6 nanofiber mat was exothermic process. The negative values of ∆S0 indicated the decreased randomness at the solid/solution interface during the adsorption of three estrogens in aqueous solution on the nanofibrous membrane. Dynamic disk mode studies Continuous adsorption trials in dynamic flow mode were performed in a home-made disk filter device for the removal of three model estrogens in 100 mL solution. Since the adsorption performance of adsorbents usually depends on available sorbent amount for adsorption, the effect of the Nylon 6 nanofibers mat amount was examined in the range of 1.0 to 5.0 mg (the initial concentration

was 5.0 mg/L and ATM Kinase Inhibitor in vitro flow rate was 1.0 mL/min). The results indicated that the amount of adsorbent strongly influenced estrogens adsorption yield. The removal yields of DES, DS, and HEX increased from 70.15 ± 1.93% to 97.59 ± 2.26%, 62.47 ± 1.96% to 96.72 ± 1.81%, and 60.32 ± 2.23% to 96.26 ± 1.68%, respectively, with an Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor increase in the adsorbent amount from 1.0 to 4.0 mg, and the variations of removal for target contaminants using 5.0 mg nanofibers were not remarkable. The higher adsorption yields for higher adsorbent amount are due to the increase of more available binding sites for the adsorption. And then, after a certain point (4.0 mg), the adsorption yield stayed

nearly constant may be due to the saturation of binding sites on the adsorbent surface. Therefore, 4.0 mg of the Nylon 6 nanofibers mat was found to be optimum of the further dynamic flow mode adsorption. The effect of the flow rate on the estrogen adsorption in continuous mode was also investigated. Cobimetinib price The flow rate of estrogens solution was varied from 0.5 to 4.0 mL/min while the initial concentration (5.0 mg/L) and adsorbent amount (4.0 mg) were kept constant. It was found that the flow rate strongly influenced estrogen uptake capacity, and lower flow rates favored estrogen adsorption. The maximum removal yields were obtained at flow rates of 0.5 and 1.0 mL/min (p > 0.05). The adsorption capacity significantly decreased with increased flow rate from 2.0 to 4.0 mL/min (p < 0.05). This was due to a decrease in the residence time of estrogens within the Nylon 6 nanofibers mat at higher flow rates. This caused a weak distribution of the liquid inside the mat, which leaded to a lower diffusivity of the adsorbates to the binding sites for the adsorption. Therefore, removal yields of DES, DS, and HEX decreased from 97.

Nano Lett 2006, 6:1529–1534.CrossRef 22. Gao JW, Zheng RT, Ohtani H, Zhu DS, Chen G: Experimental investigation

S3I-201 of heat conduction mechanics in nanofluids. Clue on clustering. Nano Lett 2009, 9:4128–4132.CrossRef 23. Zhu H, Zhang C, Liu S, Tang Y, Yin Y: Effects of nanoparticle clustering and alignment on thermal conductivities of Fe[sub 3]O[sub 4] aqueous nanofluids. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 89:023123.CrossRef 24. Xie H, Fujii M, Zhang X: Effect of interfacial nanolayer on the effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. Int J Heat Mass Transf 2005, 48:2926–2932.CrossRef 25. Lin Y-S, Hsiao P-Y, Chieng C-C: Roles of nanolayer and particle size on thermophysical characteristics of ethylene glycol-based copper nanofluids. Appl Phys Lett 2011, 98:153105.CrossRef 26. Yu W, Choi SUS: The role of interfacial layers in the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids: a renovated JQ1 research buy Maxwell model. J Nanopart Res 2003, 5:167–171.CrossRef 27. Ishida H, Rimdusit S: Heat capacity measurment of boron nitride-filled polybenzoxazine: the composite structure-insensitive property. J Therm Anal Calorim 1999, 58:497–507.CrossRef 28. Xue L, Keblinski P, Phillpot SR, Choi SUS, Eastman JA: Two regimes of thermal resistance at a liquid–solid interface. J Chem Phys 2003, 118:337–339.CrossRef Competing

interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to GSK2245840 the final version of the manuscript.”
“Background Commercial solar cells employ only a small portion of the solar spectrum for photoelectric conversion, with the available wavelengths covering the visible to near-infrared (NIR) regimes [1]. To fully use the solar emission energy, various light frequency-conversion approaches

have been proposed [2–17], which convert IR or ultraviolet (UV) lights into visible ones, the so called up- and down-conversions, respectively. So far, the photoluminescence (PL) conversion, as a type of down-conversion, seems more potentially available in solar cell efficiency enhancement. from However, its practical use is actually uncertain, as other factors such as antireflection (AR) might also contribute to the efficiency enhancement in addition to the PL conversion, making the assessment of real contribution from PL conversion doubtful [6, 9–14]. Although in our recent work [10], we have noticed this problem and tried to single out the contribution of PL conversion, systematic studies and convincing experimental facts are still lacking. This work aims to solve the puzzling problem by offering a combined approach and evaluating how important on earth the PL conversion could be in improving solar cell efficiency. We selected a material with high PL conversion efficiency (> 40%), i.e., Mn-doped ZnSe quantum dots (Mn:ZnSe QDs).

Some tomites transformed from trophonts or released by asymmetric dividers swim rapidly to seek more food patches, transforming back into trophonts when they find new food patches and repeating the above processes. The quickly dispersing tomites, the tolerating Selleckchem Smoothened Agonist resting cysts, and the diverse reproductive strategy may enable G. trihymene to identify and dominate enough food patches and survive in the coastal water U0126 cost community. Phylogenetic position of G. trihymene, and asymmetric division G. trihymene groups with typical scuticociliates with high bootstrap support and posterior

probability, though the precise relationships within the clades remain unresolved (Figure 4). In addition, G. trihymene has high SSU rDNA pair-wise identity with Anophryoides haemophila (96%), the scuticociliate

causing the “”Bumper car disease”" of American lobsters and Miamiensis avidus (96%), a polyphenic, parasitic ciliate, which causes diseases in fish [27, 28]. Our result supports the monophyly of scuticociliatia, despite what was found in earlier studies utilizing a previously reported G. trihymene SSU rDNA sequence [GenBank Accession No.: AY169274] [29, 30], which we believe to be erroneous. AY169274 shares great similarity with SSU sequences of some flagellates, e.g. it has Tariquidar 96% identity with the 18S rDNA sequences of the nanoflagellate Spumella sp. GOT220 [GenBank Accession No.: EF027354]. In line with our interpretation, the most recent study on morphology and morphogenesis of G. trihymene (performed by the same group that submitted the Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin previous Gt SSU rDNA sequence) showed that it is indeed a typical scuticociliate [22]. Asymmetric divisions, similar to those in G. trihymene, occur in certain apostome and many astome ciliates (see phylogenetic position in Figure 4), though the details of division had never been studied using continuous microscopy [5]. Such asymmetric dividers were called catenoid colonies in these host-dependent ciliates. Asymmetric dividers were

so named in the present study to emphasize the difference between the two filial cells. As in the asymmetric division of G. trihymene in Figure 2A, long cell chains in the parasitic and commensal astome and apsotome ciliates are formed by repeated incomplete divisions without separation of the resulting filial products, after which some subcells are fully or partially pinched off. These subcells require subsequent metamorphosis to regain the form typical of the normal trophont stage of the life cycle [3, 5]. The results of the phylogenetic analysis suggest that complex life cycles including asymmetric division are either 1) an ancestral feature of these three groups that has been modified, lost, or not yet discovered in other free-living species, or 2) a convergent trait that has arisen multiple times independently in these closely related taxa.

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