Purification of recombinant His-tagged proteins and preparation of polyclonal antisera PIII and NG1873 His-tagged proteins were expressed in E. coli as described [25] and proteins were purified on a metal-chelate affinity chromatography column (MCAC); proteins were eluted in a single step with 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 250 mM imidazole and protease inhibitors. To prepare antisera against PIII and NG1873 His-tagged proteins, learn more 20 μg of each purified protein were used to immunize CD1 female mice. The recombinant proteins were given i.p. together with Al(OH)3 for three doses (day 0, day 21, day 35). Blood samples were taken on day 49 and pooled. Confocal immunofluorescence

microscopy To visualize PIII protein on bacterial selleck products surface, F62 strain was grown in GC up to OD600 0.5 and washed in PBS. Bacterial pellet were fixed with 2% PFA for 20 min at room temperature and spotted on chamber slides coated with poly-lysine. Bacteria were then blocked with 2% BSA for 15 min

and incubated with mouse polyclonal anti-PIII antibodies diluted in 2% BSA for 30 min at room temperature. Bacteria were then stained with goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 568 conjugated antibodies (Molecular Probes) for 20 min at room temperature. Labeled samples were mounted with ProLong® Gold antifade reagent with DAPI and analyzed with Zeiss LSM710 Ilomastat chemical structure confocal microscope. Negative staining and TEM A drop of a 109 cfu/mL bacterial suspension in D-PBS was placed on Parafilm and bacteria were

adsorbed for 15 min to formvar/carbon 200 mesh grids. Bacteria were fixed for 15 min with 2% p-formaldehyde and grids were then rinsed four times in PBS and air-dried. Grids were finally treated with uranyl acetate and examined by TEM GEOL 1200EX II transmission electron microscope. Paper disk diffusion inhibiting assays F62 and F62ΔpIII strains were grown overnight on GC agar, suspended in D-PBS and adjusted to OD600 = 0.1 (≅108 cfu/mL). An aliquot of 0.1 mL of the bacterial suspension was seeded on GC agar. 10 μL of the following detergents 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl were applied to paper disk (Oxoid): SDS at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1%, Triton X-100 at 0.03, 0.06, 0.125, 0.25% and deoxycolate at 0.8, 0.9, 1.2, 1.4%. Control disks with PBS were included in the assay. Disks were then placed on the GC agar inoculated with bacteria. All plates were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2. Cell fractionation and protein analysis Total cell lysates (TL), inner membranes (IM) and outer membrane (OM) were prepared from bacteria at exponential growth phase. Total cell lysates were obtained by three freezing-thawing cycles. For IM and OM preparation, bacteria were sonicated, unbroken cells were removed by centrifugation and the supernatant centrifuged at 50000 × g for 90 min at 4°C. The pellet containing the membranes was incubated in 2% Sarkosyl in 20 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.5 at room tempertaure for 20 min to solubilize the inner membranes.

The resulting nanocomposites exhibit high specific capacity and good cycling stability after 80 cycles, which could be attributed to the electronically conductive and elastic RGO networks, as well as the carbon shells and the small size of the GeNPs. The study provided a strategy to synthetize RGO-GeNPs which could serve as promising anode materials for LIBs. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 21071064 and no.21375048). References 4SC-202 cell line 1. Yan SC, Shi Y, Xiao ZD,

Zhou MM, Yan WF, Shen HL, Hu D: Development of biosensors based on the one-dimensional semiconductor nanomaterials. J Nanosci Nanotechno 2012, 12:6873–6879.CrossRef 2. Vaughn DD II, Schaak RE: Synthesis, properties and applications of colloidal germanium and germanium-based nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2013, 42:2861–2879.CrossRef 3. Riabinina D, Durand C, Chaker M, Rowell N, Rosei F: A novel approach to the synthesis photoluminescent germanium nanoparticles

by reactive laser ablation. Nanotechnology 2006, 17:2152–2155.CrossRef 4. Ma XC, Wu FY, Kauzlarich SM: Alkyl-terminated crystalline Ge nanoparticles prepared from NaGe: synthesis, functionalization and optical properties. J Solid State Chem 2008, 181:1628–1633.CrossRef 5. Chou NH, Oyler KD, Motl NE, Schaak RE: Colloidal synthesis of germanium nanocrystals using room-NVP-LDE225 temperature benchtop chemistry. Chem Mater 2009, 21:4105–4107.CrossRef 6. Lu XM, Ziegler JK, Ghezelbash A, Johnston KP, Selleck Proteasome inhibitor Korge BA: Synthesis of germanium nanocrystals in high temperature supercritical fluid solvents. Nano Lett 2004, Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase 4:969–974.CrossRef 7. Prabakar S, Shiohara A, Hanada S, Fujioka K, Yamamoto K, Tilley

RD: Size controlled synthesis of germanium nanocrystals by hydride reducing agents and their biological applications. Chem Mater 2010, 22:482–486.CrossRef 8. Vaughn DD II, Bondi JF, Schaak RE: Colloidal synthesis of air-stable crystalline germanium nanoparticles with tunable sizes and shapes. Chem Mater 2010, 22:6103–6108.CrossRef 9. Wu JH, Sun YG, Zou RJ, Song GS, Chen ZG, Wang CR, Hu JQ: One-step aqueous solution synthesis of Ge nanocrystals from GeO 2 powders. Cryst Eng Comm 2011, 13:3674–3677.CrossRef 10. Kornowski A, Giersig M, Vogel R, Chemseddine A, Weller H: Nanometer-sized colloidal germanium particles: wet-chemical synthesis, laser-induced crystallization and particle growth. Adv Mater 1993, 5:634–636.CrossRef 11. Lee H, Youn YS, Kim S: Coverage dependence of the adsorption structure of alanine on Ge(100). Langmuir 2009, 25:12574–12577.CrossRef 12. Davis TM, Snyder MA, Tsapatsis M: Germania nanoparticles and nanocrystals at room temperature in water and aqueous lysine sols. Langmuir 2007, 22:12469–12472.CrossRef 13. Bianco E, Butler S, Jiang SS, Restrepo OD, Windl W, Goldberger JE: Stability and exfoliation of germanane: a germanium graphane analogue. ACS Nano 2013, 7:4414–4421.CrossRef 14.

Thermal hydrosilylation approach was used for the grafting of GDC 0032 order octadecyl groups (-C18H37) onto the surface

of the Si NPs. As exposition of highly porous Si to ambient air results in its oxidation, the surface oxide was removed using a 5% solution of HF in EtOH just before the hydrosilylation. The residues of acid were washed out by anhydrous EtOH (under centrifugation). The oxide-free porous Si powder (covered by SiHx) was transferred in a glass test tube with septum cup and dried under vacuum in order to remove excess EtOH. Then, 1.5 mL of neat 1-octadecene was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred under nitrogen atmosphere at 150°C for 16 h. At the end of this step, the surface of Si NPs is mainly covered by alkyl chains due to the hydrosilylation reaction. To work up the reaction mixture, it was cooled to room temperature; the precipitate was settled by centrifugation (10 min at 1,000 × g) and washed three times with Pevonedistat mw n-pentane. Then, the precipitate was sonicated for 30 min in n-pentane, and the supernatant of the centrifugation of the resulted slurry was taken. Drying of the supernatant in ambient air resulted in approximately 10 mg of waxy brown residue, which is easily redispersible in NPLs and which was used for further PL studies. Transmission

electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the morphology and the size distribution of the Si NPs. A droplet of the colloidal solution was deposited on a Cu grid covered by an amorphous carbon film (ultrathin carbon <3 nm). After solvent evaporation, the observation was done using a Topcon EM-002B high-resolution transmission electron microscope operating at 200 kV (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Particles size distribution of the final solution was also measured by

dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique using a Zetasizer Nano Series instrument from Malvern Instruments Ltd. (Worcestershire, UK). Transmittance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of Si NPs were recorded in between KBr pellets in the 400- to 4,000-cm−1 spectral range at 300 K using a Bruker Vertex 80 spectrometer (Bruker Optik GmbH, Ettlingen, Germany) before and after the Y-27632 2HCl functionalization step. The PL steady state measurements of Si NPs were performed by means of a FLS920 Series fluorescence spectrometer from Edinburgh Instruments (Livingston, UK). A 450-W Xe900 continuous xenon arc lamp with optimal spectral range extending from 250 to 1,000 nm was used as the excitation source. Excitation and emission beam lights are dispersed by a this website single-grating monochromator blazed at 500 nm. All spectra were corrected automatically by the transfer function of the instrument. The temperature was varied using a Peltier module between 303 and 383 K. Hellma UV transparent quartz cuvettes (Hellma GmbH & Co. KG, Müllheim, Germany) were used with typical liquid volumes of 1.5 mL.

TNFAIP6 can inhibit osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells [23]. From this, we might conclude that this is one potential mechanism of SCLC-mediated osteoclasia through upregulation of TNFAIP6 gene Temsirolimus research buy expression by HIF-1 alpha. High expression of IL6 also is associated with malignant tumors and deep vein thrombosis disease [24]. This helps to explain why a hypercoagulable state is usually associated with SCLC and what causes the thrombosis. Another novel finding is that with the genes in the same family HIF-1 alpha upregulates the

expression of SOCS1 but downregulates the expression of SOCS2, upregulates the expression of IGFBP5 but downregulates the expression of IGFBP3. Clinical research has shown that SOCS2 is an independent predictor for good prognosis, negative lymph nodes and has increased expression in buy PFT�� less malignant tumors [25]. From this the downregulation of SOCS2 by HIF-1 alpha maybe worsen the prognosis of SCLC. Besides these increased IGFBP-5 mRNA levels have been proved to be associated with a poor outcome for the patients who have positive lymph nodes[26] and high circulating concentrations

of IGFBP-3 is associated with a lower cancer risk from clinical trail[27]. Thus upregulation of IGFBP5 and downregulation of IGFBP3 by hypoxia or HIF-1 alpha cannot be considered as good predictors of prognosis. As for SOCS1 some scholars have demonstrated that SOCS1 plays an important role in degrading IFN resistance of neuroendocrine tumor selleck chemicals cells through negative regulation of Jak/STAT signaling pathway[28]. Our study demonstrates many that SOCS1 potentially induces the apoptosis and suppresses the growth of NCI-H446 cells and therefore we thought the upregulation of SOCS1 may be a good predictor for the prognosis of SCLC. As an upstream regulatory factor that plays a contrary effect on the apoptosis

and growth of SCLC cells, through which mechanism HIF-1 alpha upregulates the expression of.SOCS1, is a new problem to investigate. Previous study had demonstrated that the activation of STAT3 mediated by IL-6 could upregulate the expression of SOCS1 at mRNA and protein level [29]. From our study we can see that the expression of STAT3 and IL-6 are both upregulated at protein level. So we can primarily conclude that HIF-1 alpha can upregulate the expression of SOCS1 through mediation of STAT3 and IL-6. As for the signal transduction pathway involving in this pocess we will carry out some resrarch work in the future. Taken together, our data provide novel insights into the composition and function of differential gene expression regulated by HIF-1alpha in SCLC NCI-H446 cells. Improving the survival rate of patients with SCLC requires a better understanding of the function of genes associated with tumorigenesis and the subsequent development of novel gene therapeutic strategies including gene targeted therapy.

CrossRef 28. Fang Y, Xiao M, Yao D: Quantum size dependent optical nutation in CdSe/ZnS/CdSe quantum dot quantum well. Phys E 2010, 42:2178–2183.CrossRef 29. Griffiths DJ: Introduction

to Quantum Mechanics. Boston: Addison-Wesley; 2004. 30. Asgari A, Kalafi M, Faraone L: The effects of GaN capping layer thickness on two-dimensional electron mobility in GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. Phys E 2005, 25:431–437.CrossRef 31. Liu J, Bai Y, Xiong G: Studies of the second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities of GaN/AlGaN quantum well. Phys E 2004, 23:70–74.CrossRef 32. Boyd RW: Nonlinear Optics. New York: Academic; 1992. 33. Shen YR: The Repotrectinib mouse Principles of Nonlinear Optics. New York: Wiley; 2003. 34. Zhang X, Xiong G, Feng X: Well width-dependent third-order optical nonlinearities of a ZnS/CdSe cylindrical quantum dot quantum well. Phys E 2006, 33:120–124.CrossRef 35. Takagahara T: Excitonic optical nonlinearity and exciton dynamics in semiconductor quantum dots. Phys Rev B 1987, 36:9293–9296.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions MK conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination. AV assisted in the numerical

calculations. AA and YH participated in the sequence alignment and drafted the manuscript. SWJ supervised selleck kinase inhibitor the whole study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Developing bright luminescent probes is still one of the targets for achieving better optical imaging quality [1, 2]. With respect to cellular imaging, the combination of a specific targeting group and the selective response to an analyte is the key to an effective probe design [3, 4]. Even though numerous bio-imaging

probes have been developed in the last few decades [5], the organic fluorophores used for signaling still suffer from low probe brightness, poor photostability, and oxygen bleaching [6, 7]. Consequently, G protein-coupled receptor kinase the creation of fluorophores with improved photophysical properties is still in high demand [1, 2]. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), on the other hand, have been produced to overcome the drawbacks of organic fluorophores [2, 8], but they are not sufficiently biocompatible due to their large size, intermittent photon emission, and potential toxicity [9]. Silver nanodots (AgNDs), however, are one of the most notable alternatives to current fluorophores. AgNDs are small, few-atom clusters that exhibit discrete electronic transitions and strong photoluminescence [10, 11]. After the report of the first stable silver nanodots in aqueous solution in 2002 [12], many scaffolds have been developed, for example, based on poly(selleck acrylic acid) [13] or short peptides [14], which stabilize the reduced silver atoms. Among these scaffolds, DNA stabilization has induced the best photophysical characteristics of AgNDs, such as high molar extinction coefficients, high emission quantum yields, and noticeably high photostability.

A single chemical, identified as bithionol, strongly inhibited the growth of the ρ 0 but inhibited the growth of wild type yeast very weakly (Figure 1C). Since antimycin A directly blocks the mitochondrial electron-transfer chain, a difference in drug response between wild

type and ρ 0 strains was to be expected and this compound was not studied further. Figure 1 Halo screen of chemical collection with ρ + and ρ 0 FY1679-28C/TDEC. (A) Suloctidil and myriocin selectively inhibit growth of ρ + cells; (B) Antimycin A selectively this website slows growth of ρ +; (C) Increased sensitivity of ρ 0 cells to bithionol. Table 1 51 growth-inhibitory compounds identified in halo toxiCity screen Compound ρ https://www.selleckchem.com/products/icg-001.html + ρ 0 Antibiotics and antiseptics        Antimycin A ++ –    Cefoperazone sodium ++ ++    Cetylpyridinium chloride + +    R788 molecular weight Chloroxine + +    Hexachlorophene ++ ++    Myriocin ++ –    Thimerosal ++ ++    Tunicamycin

B ++ ++ Anticancer        Swainsonine ++ ++    Dequalinium analog C-14 linker + +    dhMotC ++ – Azoles        Bifonazole ++ ++    Butoconazole nitrate +++ +++    Clotrimazole +++ +++    Econazole nitrate +++ +++    Enilconazole ++ ++    Isoconazole +++ +++    Ketoconazole ++ ++    Miconazole +++ +++    Miconazole nitrate +++ +++    Oxiconazole nitrate +++ +++    Sertaconazole nitrate +++ +++    Sulconazole nitrate +++ +++ Detergents        Cetrimonium bromide + +    Digitonin + + Flavonoids        Luteolin ++ ++ Other        Adamantamine fumarate ++ ++    Amiodarone hydrochloride + +    Anthothecol + +    Benzalkonium chloride + +    Bithionol + +++    Cedrelone + +    Celastrol + +    Dequalinium dichloride ++ ++    Elaidylphosphocholine + +    Ellagic acid + +    Gentian violet ++ ++    Miltefosine + +    Obtusaquinone + second +    Phenylmercuric acetate +++ +++    Phytosphingosine + +    Plumbagin + +    Pyrithione zinc ++ ++    Pyrvinium pamoate + +    Rapamycin +++ +++    Shikonin + +    SKF96365 ++ ++    Suloctidil ++ –    Thiram + +    Tomatidine hydrochloride + +    Totarol + + Comparison between respiratory-proficient and -deficient yeast strains. The results of the halo screen were

confirmed and extended using a quantitative liquid growth assay. Suloctidil (50 μM), myriocin (0.25 μM) and dhMotC (60 μM) all inhibited the growth of the wild type strain while ρ 0 cells were resistant (Table 2). P 0 strains have previously been shown to have increased expression of multidrug resistance genes [17], which could have explained their increased resistance to the 4 chemicals. However, this is not the case since increased resistance was also observed in the ρ 0 strain lacking PDR1 and PDR3, that cannot express multidrug resistance genes, in agar (Table 1), as well as in liquid assay (data not shown). Therefore, resistance to the growth inhibitory effect of the chemicals is due to the lack of mitochondrial function.

PubMedCrossRef 42. Davis RJ: The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J Biol Chem 1993,268(20):14553–14556.PubMed

43. Kyriakis JM, Avruch J: Sounding the alarm: protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammation. J Biol Chem 1996,271(40):24313–24316.PubMedCrossRef 44. Mancuso G, Midiri A, Beninati C, Piraino G, Valenti A, Nicocia G, Teti D, Cook J, Teti G: Mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-kappa B are involved in TNF-alpha responses to group B streptococci. J Immunol 2002,169(3):1401–1409.PubMed 45. Zu YL, Qi J, Gilchrist A, Fernandez GA, Vazquez-Abad D, Kreutzer DL, Huang CK, Sha’afi RI: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is required for human neutrophil function triggered by TNF-alpha or www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html FMLP stimulation. J Immunol 1998,160(4):1982–1989.PubMed 46. Nathens AB, Bitar R, Davreux C, Bujard M, Marshall JC, Dackiw AP, Watson RW, Rotstein OD: Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate attenuates

mTOR inhibition endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 1997,17(5):608–616.CrossRef 47. Hayden MS, Ghosh S: Shared principles in NF-kB signaling. Cell 2008, 132:344–362.PubMedCrossRef 48. Sun SC, Ley SC: New insights into NF-kB regulation and function. Trends Immunol 2008, 29:469–478.PubMedCrossRef 49. Fick RB Jr, Hata JS: Pathogenetic mechanisms in lung disease caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chest 1989, 95:206S-213S.CrossRef 50. Pinkus R, Weiner LM, Daniel V: Role of oxidants and antioxidants in the induction of AP-1, NF-kappaB, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:13422–13429.PubMedCrossRef 51. Remick DG, Villarete L: Regulation of cytokine gene expression by reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates. J Leukoc Biol 1996, 59:471–475.PubMed 52. Olsvik PA, Kristensen T, Waagbø R, et al.: mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes(SOD,CAT and GSH-Px)and lipid peroxidative stress in liver of Atlantic salmon fSalmo salar)exposed to hyperoxic water during smoltification. Comp Biochem

Physiol C Toxico1 Pharmaco 2005, 141:314–323.CrossRef 53. Semenza GL: HIF-1, O 2 , and the 3 PHDs: how animal cells signal hypoxia to the nucleus. Cell 2001, 107:1–3.PubMedCrossRef 54. Sauer H, Wartenberg M, Hescheler J: Exoribonuclease Reactive oxygen species as intracellular messengers during cell growth and differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2001, 11:173–186.PubMedCrossRef Competing Epacadostat supplier interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions WC made substantial contributions to conception and design of this work. JZ and YD drafted the manuscript. WL and YL revised it critically for important intellectual content. XY and WL were responsible for the experimental operation. DP carried out the analysis and interpretation of the data. BC made final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma capsulatum and pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis spp.

The wrinkly phenotype of the lasR pqsA::Tn suppressor VE-822 price mutant could be restored by introducing plasmid pLG10 [24], which expresses the pqsA-E operon from its native promoter (Figure 7A). This verifies that the products

of this operon are indeed responsible for the wrinkled phenotype of the lasR pqsA:Tn mutant. To BMN 673 investigate whether pqsA-D dependent wrinkling of the lasR mutant is through PqsR, we introduced plasmid pRG10 into the lasR pqsR:Tn mutant. This plasmid constitutively expresses the pqsA-D operon from a lac promoter. The lasR pqsR:Tn mutant colony was as wrinkly as that of the lasR mutant indicating that this phenotype is independent of PqsR (Figure 7B). Figure 7 Effect of ectopic pqs operon expression on colony morphology. A. Colony morphology of the ZK lasR pqsA::Tn suppressor mutant with plasmid pLG10 expressing pqsA-E from the native promoter or control plasmid pUCP18 after 3 days at 37°C B. Colony morphology of the lasR pqsR::Tn suppressor mutant with plasmid pRG10 expressing pqsA-D from a constitutive lac promoter or control plasmid pUCP18 after 4 days at 37°C. A Series A AQ congener causes the

wrinkled phenotype The previous finding that lasR mutants overproduce Series A congeners [20, 59] and the fact that we did not find any insertion in the pqsH gene indicate that Series A congeners rather than Series B congeners are responsible for the wrinkled phenotype. We therefore examined this notion further by correlating click here colony morphology and AQ production, as measured by TLC, in a number of mutant strains. TLC allowed us to distinguish between high-abundance Series A and B congeners. This assay was developed and has been optimized to detect PQS and HHQ, owing to their important roles in cell-cell signaling. GPX6 Compounds within each series, especially C7 and C9 congeners, are not well separated, and low-abundance

compounds may not be detectable [23]. We included the wild-type, the lasR mutant, and the lasR pqsA::Tn suppressor mutant in this analysis. In addition, we constructed a pqsH single mutant and a lasR pqsH double mutant in the ZK background. If a Series A congener caused wrinkling, then a lasR pqsH mutant should still be wrinkly, and a pqsH mutant would also be wrinkly if a Series A congener accumulates. Indeed, the degree of wrinkling generally correlated well with the amount of Series A congener produced, in the order lasR-pqsA::Tn < WT < pqsH < lasR and lasR pqsH (Figure 8A). The wrinkly lasR mutant and the lasR pqsH double mutant produce the most, while the smooth wild-type produces considerably less (Figure 8B). The fact that the wrinkly lasR pqsH mutant does not produce Series B congeners implies a role for a Series A congener. It is not clear why the pqsH single mutant does not overproduce Series A congeners as previously shown for strain PA14 [27].

After that, the Pt top electrode of 200-nm thickness was deposited on the specimen by DC magnetron

sputtering. The photolithography and lift-off technique were used to shape the cells into square pattern with area of 0.36 to 16 μm2. The electrical measurements of devices were performed using Agilent B1500 semiconductor parameter analyzer (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Besides, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze the chemical composition and bonding of the amorphous carbon materials, respectively. Results and discussion Figure 1 shows the bipolar current–voltage (I-V) characteristics of the carbon memory cell in semi-logarithmic scale under DC voltage PXD101 order sweeping mode at room temperature. After the electroforming process (inset of Figure 1), the resistance switching behavior of the as-fabricated device can be obtained repeatedly, using DC voltage switching with a compliance current of 10 μA. By sweeping the bias from zero to negative value (about -1.5 V), the resistance state is transformed from low resistance states (LRS) to high resistance states (HRS), Torin 2 manufacturer called as ‘reset process’. Conversely, as the voltage sweeps from zero to a positive value (about 1.5 V), the resistance NVP-BSK805 chemical structure state is turned back to LRS, called as ‘set process’. During set process, a compliance current of 10 mA is applied to prevent permanent breakdown. Figure 1

Current–voltage sweeps of Pt/a-C:H/TiN memory device. To further evaluate the memory performance of amorphous carbon RRAM, the endurance and retention tests were shown in Figure 2. The resistance values of reliability and sizing effect measurement were obtained by a read voltage of 0.2 V. The device exhibits stable HRS and LRS even after more than 107 sweeping cycles (Figure 2a), which demonstrates its acceptable switching

endurance capability. The retention characteristics of HRS and LRS at Acyl CoA dehydrogenase T = 85°C are shown in Figure 2b. No significant degradation of resistance in HRS and LRS was observed. It indicates that the device has good reliability for nonvolatile memory applications. Figure 2c reveals the resistance of LRS and HRS states with various sizes of via hole, which is independent with the electrode area of the device. According to the proposed model by Sawa [44], the resistive switching behavior in carbon RRAM is attributed to filament-type RRAM. Figure 2 Endurance (a), retention properties (b), and sizing effect measurement (c) of Pt/a-C:H/TiN memory device. To investigate the interesting phenomena, we utilized the material spectrum analyses to find out the reason of working current reduction and better stability. The sputtered carbon film was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and the spectra revealed in Figure 3a. The broaden peak from 1,100 to 1,700 cm-1 demonstrates the existence of amorphous carbon structure [45].

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