Serum concentrations of insulin were determined by the Endocrine Technology and Support Core at the Oregon National Primate Research Center using an Immulite 2000, a chemiluminescence-based automatic clinical platform (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL). The Endocrine Technology and Support Core has validated the usage of Immulite download catalog 2000 for monkey serum hormones, including insulin. The validation includes a direct comparison of monkey serum samples analyzed coordinately by an Immulite 2000 and a Roche Elecsys 2010 analyzer (also a chemiluminescence-based clinical platform from F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland). The sensitivity for the insulin assay is 2 mIU/ml, with a range between 2 and 300 ��U/ml. The intra- and interassay variation with the Immulite 2000 is <10%.

Serum glucose and triglyceride levels were determined by Rhein Consulting Laboratories (Portland, OR), using a Cobas Mira Plus chemistry analyzer (Roche Diagnostic Systems, Indianapolis, IN). Table 1. Average adipocyte size in different subcutaneous adipose depots of rhesus macaques RESULTS The use of fluorescence in biological assays has a great advantage over radioisotopes in that fluorescence adds a spatial dimension and improves the temporal resolution of an assay. For example, fluorescent lipids have previously been used in combination with radioisotopically labeled FA for the measurement of FA uptake in single cells (such as 3T3-L1-derived and primary adipocytes) and white and brown adipose tissue and have been shown to efficiently integrate into intracellular triacylglycerides (23, 25, 27, 51, 52).

In this study, we adopted a fluorescent assay to determine whether tissue adipocytes of different sizes exhibit differences in insulin sensitivity and FA uptake. Microscopic fragments (explants) of retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissue, isolated from lean nondiabetic rhesus macaques (see materials and methods and Table 1 for details), were immobilized at the bottom of an imaging chamber, treated for 2 h with 10 nM insulin, and labeled with a green fluorescent derivative of lauric acid, Bodipy-C12. The mean intracellular fluorescence was then quantified using confocal microscopy (Fig. 1A). Fig. 1. The use of Bodipy-C12 for quantifying fatty acid (FA) uptake in adipose tissue explants. A: adipose tissue explants were immobilized at the bottom of the imaging chamber with 0.

4-mm stainless steel mesh, and M199 medium was added alone or in the presence … Adipose tissue comprised of adipocytes with diameters <80�C100 ��m (cell area 5,000�C7,000 ��m2) displayed robust insulin-dependent FA uptake; a 10-min pulse of Carfilzomib Bodipy-C12 resulted in fluorescent labeling of the peripheral cell layer, whereas longer exposure to Bodipy-C12 resulted in the labeling of the entire explant (Fig. 1C).