thailandensis. Mineral and rich culture media were assayed: tested substrates included carbohydrates such as mannitol, dextrose, sucrose, glycerol and fructose along with various vegetable oils such as canola oil, olive oil, palm oil and sunflower oil, all at a final concentration of 4% (data not shown). Several studies using plant-derived oils have demonstrated that these inexpensive hydrophobic materials are excellent carbon substrates

for biosurfactant production by P. aeruginosa see more [28, 29]. Under our experimental conditions, glycerol and canola oil were the best carbohydrate and vegetable oil for rhamnolipid production, achieving concentrations of 419.10 mg/L and 1473.72 mg/L, respectively, after 13 days of culture (Table 2). In both cases, the dirhamnolipid Rha-Rha-C14-C14 was the most abundant with values ranging from 70% to 77% relative to total rhamnolipids, while its precursor Rha-C14-C14 dominates the monorhamnolipid category with 5.8 and 6.5% of total Luminespib chemical structure rhamnolipids. Detailed analysis of B. thailandensis cultures revealed a series of long chain rhamnolipids, as shown in Table 2. These rhamnolipids are predominately composed of a C14-C14 chain length fatty acid moiety as well as others comprised of chains ranging from C10-C12 to C16-C16 chain length. Table 2 Maximal production and relative abundance of the HAAs and rhamnolipids produced by B. thailandensis

E264 HAA/Rhamnolipid Pseudomolecular ion Production (mg/L) Relative Carteolol HCl abundance (%)1     Glycerol Canola oil Glycerol Canola oil C10-C12 385 N/D2 4.59 – - C12-C12 413 N/D N/D – - C12-C14 441 N/D N/D – - C14-C14 469 N/D N/D – - C14-C16 497 N/D N/D – - C16-C16 525 1.60 7.05 – - Rha-C10-C12 531 N/D 0.98 0.00 0.07 Rha-C12-C12 559 0.57 6.48 0.14 0.44 Rha-C12-C14 587 1.86

13.75 0.45 0.94 Rha-C14-C14 615 24.37 94.53 5.84 6.47 Rha-C14-C16 643 1.16 5.42 0.28 0.37 Rha-C16-C16 671 N/D N/D 0.00 0.00 Rha-Rha-C10-C12 677 0.75 7.44 0.18 0.51 Rha-Rha-C12-C12 705 7.41 49.43 1.77 3.38 Rha-Rha-C12-C14 733 28.48 179.73 6.82 12.29 Rha-Rha-C14-C14 761 321.42 1021.20 76.99 69.85 PARP inhibitor Rha-Rha-C14-C16 789 31.24 82.37 7.48 5.63 Rha-Rha-C16-C16 817 0.26 0.73 0.06 0.05 Total   419.10 1473.72     1 Relative abundance of rhamnolipids only. 2 N/D: Not detected. Cultures were grown on 4% glycerol and canola oil as respective carbon sources. LC/MS analysis was performed after 13 days of incubation at 37°C. To confirm that the ions identified by LC/MS are indeed rhamnolipids, they were fragmented and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). To allow for comparison with P. aeruginosa rhamnolipids, monorhamnolipids obtained from B. thailandensis were fragmented and the observed fragmentation pattern was similar to the one we observed for P. aeruginosa [13]. For an isomeric pair of rhamnolipid congeners bearing two 3-hydroxy fatty acids of different chain lengths (for example Rha-C12-C14 and Rha-C14-C12), the relative abundance of the various congeners was studied.