pneumoniae and later also in E. coli [128]. Besides ciprofloxacin has unreliable activity against Enterococci and staphylococci. Nowadays doubts emerge about the advisability of using ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole to treat severe intra-abdominal

Torin 1 research buy infections in high risk patients. Moxifloxacin has shown activity against a wide range of aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative [129]. Compared with ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin has enhanced activity against Gram-positive bacteria with a decrease in activity against Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas species) [130]. LOXO-101 cell line Among quinolones moxifloxacin seems to be effective also against Bacterioides fragilis, suggesting that it may be effective for the treatment of low risk intra-abdominal infections without antianaerobic agents [131–133]. Levofloxacin has a spectrum of activity similar to moxifloxacin’s, and even if compared to moxifloxacin it has no activity against anaerobic

bacteria, less activity against resistant Gram Positive bacteria [134], it has a potential activity against Pseudomonas [135]. In association with metronidazole it is effective for the treatment of low risk intra-abdominal infections. Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin, tobramycin and amikacin MLN2238 clinical trial are particularly active against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria and act synergistically against certain Gram-positive organisms. Gentamicin is the most commonly used aminoglycoside, others but amikacin may be particularly effective

against resistant organisms. They are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aminoglycosides are not effective against anaerobic bacteria. Because of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity aminoglycosides have not often been recommended for the routine empiric treatment of community-acquired intra-abdominal infections [103]. Aminoglycosides may be reserved for patients with allergies to b-lactam agents and may be selected for treatment of patients with health care-associated intra-abdominal infection, depending on local susceptibility patterns of nosocomial gram-negative bacilli [103]. Aztreonam is a parenteral synthetic beta-lactam antibiotic and the first monobactam to be marketed. Aztreonam exhibits potent and specific activity in vitro against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative aerobic pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has no useful activity against Gram-positive bacteria or anaerobes, but has very broad spectrum against Gram-negative aerobes, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa [136]. In the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections it is not practical as a single agent since anaerobic and Gram-positive bacteria are not susceptible to aztreonam [137].