Rather in contrast to the study of Kavouras [36], both Speedy et al. [23] and Rogers et al. [39] suggested that a part of the body mass loss during an ultra-endurance

race could be the result of the metabolic breakdown of fuel, which includes a loss of fat, glycogen and water stored with glycogen. Speedy et al. [23] concluded that athletes lost 2.5 kg of body mass during an ultra-distance triathlon most likely www.selleckchem.com/products/iacs-010759-iacs-10759.html from sources other than fluid loss. Thus, Speedy et al. [23, 40] suggested that athletes who maintain their pre-race body mass or who sustain a minimal body mass loss may be either euhydrated or moderately overhydrated. Since the present athletes lost 1.8 kg of their body mass during an ultra-marathon, this could be due to other sources than fluid loss following Speedy et al. [23] and not indicate dehydration. Recently, Hew-Butler et al. [41] reported that body mass was not an accurate surrogate

of fluid balance homeostasis during prolonged endurance exercise. In their study of 181 male Ironman triathletes, despite significant body mass loss of 5% during the race, plasma volume and serum [Na+] were maintained. Thus, Hew-Butler et al. [41] concluded that the body protects osmolality in plasma and circulating blood volume during prolonged endurance exercise and this results in a net body mass loss. Similar findings were recently reported by Tam et al. [8] and these authors concluded that a reduction in body mass can occur without an equivalent reduction in total body water during prolonged exercise and that the body primarily defends plasma [Na+]

and not body mass during exercise. In addition, Nolte et al. [42] recently suggested that https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MK 8931.html a 1 kg loss in body mass in a 25-km route march in dry heat was associated with only a 200 g loss in total body water and concluded that changes in body mass did not accurately predict changes in total body water. In the present subjects, body mass decreased by 2.4%, plasma volume increased by 5.3% and post-race plasma [Na+] increased from 137.0 (2.7) mmol/l this website to 138.6 (2.67) mmol/l. Although the 1.6 (3.1) mmol/l increase in plasma [Na+] from pre-race to post-race was statistically significant, plasma [Na+] was still maintained TPCA-1 within the normal range limits (135-145 mmol/L) [38]. An increase in plasma volume, despite a body mass loss has been documented in athletes competing in prolonged endurance events [13–15, 23, 41]. Hew-Butler et al. [41] suggested that there may be a ‘fluid reserve’ within the interstitial fluid of the extracellular fluid compartment in ultra-endurance athletes that could serve as a ‘plasma volume reserve’. Fellman et al. [11] reported that prolonged and repeated exercise induced a chronic hyperhydration and that sodium retention was the major factor in the increase of plasma volume. Furthermore Milledge et al. [13] mentioned an increased activity of plasma aldosterone concentration responsible for the sodium retention.