pylori was the only species susceptible to the bactericidal actio

pylori was the only species susceptible to the bactericidal action of progesterone and 17αPSCE (see Appendix S3). The other species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epiderimidis, all resisted this action. Given that H. pylori is BAY 80-6946 a unique bacterial species that aggressively assimilates exogenous steroids, we can assume that progesterone and 17αPSCE attacked only one of the five bacterial species,

H. pylori. Our present results show that progesterone inhibits the FC absorption of H. pylori, and conversely, that a relatively high concentration of FC (500 μM) inhibits the anti-H. pylori action of progesterone (especially 20 μM). Progesterone and FC seem to bind to identical sites on the H.

pylori cell surfaces and thereby inhibit each other’s effects. This suggests that H. pylori may express a certain component, such as a steroid-binding protein, on the cell surface. Further investigations will be required to elucidate whether such a steroid-binding protein does indeed exist in H. pylori. In addition to demonstrating C646 supplier the anti-H. pylori action of progesterone, our findings indicate that it may be possible to design a novel anti-H. pylori steroidal agent using progesterone as a fundamental structure. We now know that we can augment the bactericidal capability of progesterone on H. pylori by modifying progesterone with the short-chain fatty acid, caproic acid, at the carbon 17 position, and conversely, that we can abolish this effect by attaching a hydroxyl group to the same position (see Fig. 2 and Appendix S4). Thus, the acylation at the carbon 17 position of the progesterone molecule appears to play an important role in reinforcing the anti-H. pylori action. Further investigations will be essential for the development of new progesterone

derivatives as adjuvants to the conventional treatments for H. pylori. This publication was aminophylline subsidized by JKA through its promotion funds from KEIRIN RACE. Appendix S1. Acclimatization of Helicobacter pylori to a medium prepared without 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (dMβCD) or serum. Appendix S2. Effect of 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (dMβCD) on the anti-Helicobacter pylori action of pro-gesterone (PS) and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17αPSCE). Appendix S3. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of progesterone (PS) and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17αPSCE) for Helicobacter pylori and other representative Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Appendix S4. The time-dependent antibacterial effects of progesterone (PS) and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17αPSCE) on Helicobacter pylori. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. “
“Expression of the MexEF-OprN efflux pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa seems to be upregulated by MexT.

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