In particu lar, the relative abundance of Hxk2p and Cdc19p increased more selleckchem than two fold. This is most likely due to the fact that they are rate limiting enzymes in glycolysis. In S. cerevisae, the first irreversible step of glycoly sis can be catalyzed by three enzymes, namely the hexokinases Hxk1p and Hxk2p and the glucokinase Glk1p. However, Hxk2p appears to play the main role since it is the predominant isoenzyme during growth on glucose. Moreover, Hxk2p has been identified in the nucleus of the cell and is required for glucose induced repression of several genes including HXK1 and GLK1. Our results are consistent with these findings, since Hxk1p and Glk1p were not detected on the 2 D gels. Cdc19p, which catalyzes the final step of gly colysis, namely the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, is the main pyruvate kinase in the glycolysis pathway.

In the present study, the relative abundance of Cdc19p increased more Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries than two fold in the Yap1p tion of fatty acids, amino acids, and sugar alcohols. Importantly, the pathway is also necessary to protect yeast cells against oxidative stress, since NADPH is an essential cofactor for anti oxidative enzymes. In the present study, two proteins involved in this pathway were identified on the 2 D gels as Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries occur ring at higher levels in Yap1p overexpressing yeast. Overexpression of Yap1p in S. cerevisae resulted in up regulation of a number of proteins involved in stress response, including seven heat shock and Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries chaperone proteins, and one peroxiredoxin. The ex pression of Hsps is one of the conserved mechanisms of cellular protection.

Expression of Hsps was first observed when fruit flies were exposed to high tempera tures. However, an elevation of temperature Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries is not the only way to induce the expression of Hsps. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Heavy metals, ethanol, oxygen radicals and peroxides are among a large group of agents that can induce Hsps. Since stress response also induce the activity of Yap1p, our re sult suggests that Yap1p may be an important activator for Hsps when yeast cells are exposed to stress conditions. The peroxiredoxin selleck chemical Tsa1p was 1. 4 fold up regulated upon overexpression of Yap1p. Tsa1p belongs to a family of thiol specific peroxidases that catalyze the reduction of peroxides through oxidation of Cys. It has also been identified as the key peroxidase suppressing genome in stability and protecting against cell death in yeast. However, the up regulation of Tsa1p was relatively modest, and the role of Tsa1p in Yap1p mediated stress response remains elusive. The number of identified anti oxidant proteins was rather less than expected, since Yap1p has been described primarily as a central regulator of the response to oxidative stress in S. cerevisiae.