Comparisons of gene expressions via qPCR were performed by adopting the following primer designs: SOCS3 (5′-CAA ATG TTG CTT CCC CCT TA-3′ and 5′-ATC CTG GTG ACA TGC TCC TC-3′), SHIP1 (5′-TCC AGC AGT CTT CCT CAC CT-3′ and 5′-GCT TGG ACA CCA TGT TGA TG-3′), IRAK3 (5′-GGG TGC CTG TAG CAG AGA AG-3′

and 5′-ATC TGG AGG AGC CAG GAT TT-3′), AZD8931 SOCS1 (5′-CTG GGA TGC CGT GTT ATT TT-3′ and 5′-TAG GAG GTG CGA GTT CAG GT-3′), TOLLIP (5′-CCA CAG TGT GAG GGA TTG TG-3′ and 5′-TCT CCT TCT CAT GCC GTT CT-3′), MyD88 (5′-GCA CAT GGG CAC ATA CAG AC-3′ and 5′-GAC ATG GTT AGG CTC CCT CA-3′), IKKβ (5′-GCT GCA ACT GAT GCT GAT GT-3′ and 5′- TGT CAC AGG GTA GGT GTG GA-3′), TAK1 (5′-TTT GCT GGT CCT TTT CAT CC-3′ and 5′-TGC CCA AAC TCC AAA GA ATC-3′), TLR4 (5′-TGA GCA GTC GTG CTG GTA TC-3′ and 5′-CAG GGC TTT TCT GAG TCG TC-3′), IκBα (5′-GCA AAA TCC TGA CCA GGT GT-3′ and 5′-GCT CGT CCT CTG TGA ACT CC-3′), GAPDH (5′-GAG TCA ACG GAT TTG GTC GT-3′

and 5′-TTG ATT TTG GAG GGA TCT CG-3′), TRAF6 (5′-CTG CAA AGC CTG CAT CAT AA-3′ and 5′-GGG GAC AAT CCA TAA GAG CA-3′), IRAK1 (5′-GGG TCC AGG TGC TTC TTG TA-3′ and 5′-TGC TAG AGA CCT TGG CTG GT-3′). After reverse transcription of mRNA, 5 μl of the reverse transcription product were added to a BioRad iCyclerTM PCR system containing 0.3 μM of each primer. One-fold QuantiTect SYBR Green Nutlin-3a purchase PCR Master Mix was used as a fluorescent reporter (QuantiTect SYBR Green PCR, Qiagen). The condition was programmed as follows: (1) Denaturation at 94°C for 10 min; (2) Amplification for 40 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 15 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s, and extension at 72°C for 20 s. Cell viability assay 3-[4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium find more bromide (MTT) assay, which is based on the cleavage of the tetrazolium salt by mitochondrial dehydrogenases in viable cells. In order to determine toxicity concentration, approximately 105 cells were plated onto each well of 96-well plates for 24 h, followed by treatment

with different probiotic agents for 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 hours. After incubation, 200 mL of MTT solution (0.5 mg/mL) were added to each well for 4 h after washing by PBS. Finally, the supernatant was removed and 200 μL of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were added to each well to dissolve the dark blue formazan crystals. The absorbance was measured by ELISA plate reader (Jupiter, ASYS Hitech, Austria) at 570 nm. To compare the results, the relative cell viability was GSK872 ic50 expressed as the mean percentage of viable cells compared with untreated cells (100%). Statistical analysis Each value is the mean of triplicate experiments in each group. Means comparison was carried out by Student’s t-test.