(C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“A Ilomastat ic50 significant number of women suffer from depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used to treat maternal depression. While maternal stress and depression have long-term effects on the physical and behavioural development of offspring, numerous studies also point to a significant action of developmental exposure to SSRIs. Surprisingly, preclinical data are limited concerning the combined effect of maternal depression and maternal SSRI exposure on neurobehavioural outcomes in offspring. Therefore, the aim of the present study was
to determine how maternal fluoxetine treatment affects the developing HPA system of adolescent male and female offspring using a model of maternal adversity. To do this, gestationally stressed and non-stressed PF-4708671 Sprague Dawley rat dams were chronically treated throughout lactation with either fluoxetine (5 mg/kg/day) or vehicle. Four groups of male and female adolescent offspring were used: (1) Prenatal Stress + Fluoxetine, (2) Prenatal Stress + Vehicle, (3) Fluoxetine alone, and (4) Vehicle alone.
Primary results show that developmental fluoxetine exposure, regardless of prenatal stress, decreases circulating levels of corticosterone and reduces the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and its coactivator the GR interacting protein (GRIP1), in the hippocampus. Interestingly, these effects occurred primarily in male, and not in female, adolescent offspring. Together, these results highlight a
marked sex difference in the long-term effect of developmental exposure to SSRI medications that may differentially alter the capacity of the hippocampus to respond to stress. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The Gram-negative rod Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a facultative anaerobic pathogen of the porcine respiratory tract, and HlyX, the A. pleuropneumoniae homologue of fumarate and nitrate reduction regulator (FNR), has been shown to be important for persistence. An A. pleuropneumoniae CX-5461 concentration hlyX deletion mutant has a decreased generation time but highly prolonged survival in comparison to its wild type parent strain when grown anaerobically in glucose-supplemented medium. Applying a combination of proteomic and transcriptomic approaches as well as in silico analyses, we identified 23 different proteins and 418 genes to be modulated by HlyX (>= twofold up- or down-regulated). A putative HlyX-box was identified upstream of 54 of these genes implying direct control by HlyX Consistent with its role as a strong positive regulator, HlyX induced the expression of genes for anaerobic metabolism encoding alternative terminal reductases and hydrogenases.