Brock. These fetal interventions may have improved survival by improving pulmonary development, but there remains significant high risk for longterm renal morbidity. The ideal fetus for intervention with lower urinary tract obstruction remains unknown at this time. The third condition evaluated was prenatal treatment of myelomeningocele. In order to minimize the neurologic defects in myelomeningocele, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical fetal myelomeningocele closure has been advocated since 1999, when Bruner and colleagues published a retrospective case-control study of 29 prenatal closures versus 30 postnatal controls, showing that

prenatal closure led to a significant decrease in hindbrain herniation (57%) and a decrease for ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VPS) (32%).65 In addition, a delayed time to shunt placement was observed. Another study of 50 fetuses by Johnson and colleagues also found a significant decrease in VPS when compared with controls (43% vs 85%).66 The fetal meningomyelocele closure study began in 2003 (http://www.spinabifidamoms.com). Prenatal Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical closure was performed prior to 26 weeks at three centers and an outcome

assessment of 12-month outcomes included fetal or neonatal death or the need for VPS. Accrual was terminated at the end of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2010 when efficacy was achieved. In February 2011, Adzick and coworkers this website reported that fetal closure resulted in a 30% reduction in death or need for VPS and a 42% reduction in actual VPS placement.67 Over time, they also observed improved motor function and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical development scores. At this time, none of the centers have shown improvement in bladder function when compared with historic controls. Prenatal treatment for meningomyelocele has been one the greatest accomplishments in fetal diagnosis and treatment. We have also learned from

this trial that federal funding is needed to design and implement randomized, controlled trials that will generate meaningful data to advance our treatment of complex problems. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical [Ellen Shapiro, MD, FACS, FAAP] LUTS and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) LUTS and BPH once more received considerable attention at the national meeting of the AUA. The presentations were divided into sessions on basic research, epidemiology and natural history/evaluation and markers, and a podium session on medical and hormonal therapy, surgical therapy, and new technology. Amisulpride In addition, information relevant to male voiding dysfunction, LUTS, and BPH were also presented in the five sessions of general and epidemiological trends, socioeconomics, and the sessions on evidence-based medicine and outcomes, practice patterns, and cost-effectiveness/quality of life issues. Parenthetically, it is of interest to note that over time, practice patterns and cost-effectiveness has increased from an occasional presentation to three sessions at the 2011 meeting, reflecting the increasing awareness and the importance of cost-effectiveness in urology practice.