As shown in Figure 3 (lanes 2 and 6), nitrate-dependent NorC expression decreased Fludarabine under selleck kinase inhibitor anoxic conditions compared with cells incubated with an initial O2 concentration of 2%. As observed for NorC, the expression of FixP and FixO was weak in the membranes from the anoxically incubated cells in the presence of nitrate (Figure 4, lanes 2 and 6). Figure 4 Expression of E. meliloti 1021 napA , nirK , norC and nosZ denitrification genes in cells

incubated for 12 h in MM or MMN under an initial oxygen concentration of 2% or under anoxic conditions. The transcription levels were quantified using qRT-PCR with total RNA samples as the templates. The data were analysed using the standard curve method (nirK data were analysed with the comparative CT method), and the expression levels were normalised against the E. meliloti smc00128 gene as an internal standard. The values expressed relative

to the values of cells incubated under 2% initial O2 in the absence of nitrate are the means and standard deviations of three independent experiments run in triplicate. Expression of E. meliloti denitrification genes We analysed the expression of the E. meliloti napA, nirK, norC and nosZ genes using qRT-PCR analyses. With the exception of nirK expression, which was induced 36-fold by nitrate, the presence of nitrate in the growth medium of cells incubated under an initial O2 concentration of 2% provoked the induction of napA, norC and nosZ expression by 1.5-, 3.6- and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html 4.2-fold, respectively, compared with the expression observed in the absence ADAM7 of nitrate (Figure 4). When the cells were incubated anoxically from the beginning of culture, the napA, nirK, norC and nosZ genes were induced approximately 4-, 48-, 84- and 32-fold by

nitrate compared with the expression levels observed after a 12 h incubation in MM at an initial O2 concentration of 2% (Figure 4). These results indicate that the maximal expression of the E. meliloti napA, nirK, norC and nosZ denitrification genes occurs when the cells are initially incubated anoxically and when nitrate is present in the growth medium. Discussion E. meliloti has been considered a partial denitrifier because of its traditionally reported inability to use nitrate as an electron acceptor for ATP generation and growth under anoxic conditions [18, 33]. Recent results from our group confirmed the inability of E. meliloti to grow via nitrate respiration when cells were initially incubated under anoxic conditions [21]; however, E. meliloti 1021 was able to use nitrate as a respiratory substrate when cells were initially incubated with 2% O2 in the headspace [21]. Under these conditions, O2 was consumed after 6 h of incubation, as we demonstrated in the present manuscript. In this work, we demonstrated that E. meliloti nap genes are involved in E.