5%) isolates with wild-type pncA and PZase activity but possessed resistant phenotypes. Thus, the sensitivity and specificity of pncA sequencing were 75% and 89.8% respectively, when compared with the BACTEC MGIT 960 PZA. Table 2 Results of pncA gene sequencing of Vactosertib cost 150 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates. M. tuberculosis strains (no. of isolates) MGIT 960 PZase assay pncA mutation       Nucleotide change Amino acid change Susceptible (46) S + wild-type no Susceptible (1) S + T92G Ile31Ser Susceptible (2) R + wild-type wild-type Susceptible (1) R + T92C Ile31Thr MDR-TB (42) S + wild-type wild-type MDR-TB (9) S + T92C Ile31Thr MDR-TB (34) R – A(-11)G

(1) no       A(-11)C (1) no       T56G (1) Leu19Arg       T80C (1) Leu27Pro       T92G (2) Ile31Ser       T104C (1) Leu35Pro       T134C (1) Val45Ala       G136T (1) Ala46Ser       T199C (1) Ser67Pro       C211G (8) His71Asp       G215A (1) Cys72Tyr       G222C (1) Gly74Arg       G289A (3) Gly97Ser       C312G (2) Ser104Arg       G364A (1) Gly122Ser

      G373T (1) Val125Phe       G379T (1) Glu 127 Stop       G insertion b/w 411-412 (1)         T416G (1) Val 139 Gly       C425T (1) Thr 142 Met       G436A Selleckchem Smoothened Agonist (1) Ala 146 Thr       C520T (1) Thr 174 Ile       GG insertion b/w 520-521 (1)   MDR-TB (11) R + wild-type no MDR-TB (4) R + T92C (3) Ile31Thr       T92G (1) Ile31Ser Discussion Several studies have reported that the prevalence of PZA resistance ranges from 36% to 54% [14, 28, 29]. In Thailand, there is little information on PZA susceptibility. However, two previous studies have reported the initial PZA resistance to be 6% and 8%, respectively [18, 23]. In this study, PZA susceptibility testing by BACTEC MGIT 960 PZA revealed 34.6% (52/150) PZA resistance. More specifically, PZA resistance was found in 6% (3/50) of pan-susceptible isolates and 49% (49/100) of MDR-TB isolates. The results

were correlated with those obtained from South Africa indicating Selleck Lonafarnib 53.3% (68/127) PZA resistance among previously treated TB patients but a lower resistant rate of 2.1% (1/47) in drug susceptible isolates [14]. PZA resistance is usually associated with defects in PZase activity. Several studies attempted to detect enzyme activity and utilised susceptibility testing for PZA [18, 19, 21, 22]. The sensitivity of the PZase assay ranged from 79-96%, whereas the specificity was approximately 98% [20–22]. In this study, PZase activity was detected in all 98 PZA-susceptible M. tuberculosis isolates but in only 18 of 52 PZA-resistant isolates. Eighteen isolates with positive PZase activity presented discordant results with the MGIT 960 PZA system, resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 65.4% and 100% for that assay, respectively. The sensitivity of our PZase assay is low relative to earlier studies. This might be the result of geographic differences among M. tuberculosis isolates.