, 2007). Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) is one major functional component involved in intercellular adhesion essential for accumulation of multilayered S. epidermidis biofilms, and the icaADBC locus encodes enzymes required for PIA synthesis (Heilmann et al., 1996; Mack et al., 1996). Biofilm provides protection against antibiotics (Singh et al., 2010), innate immune cells and antibody-mediated phagocytosis (Foster, 2005). Bacteria in biofilm phase display several properties that differ from those expressed during planktonic growth (Watnick & Kolter, 2000; Cerca et al., 2005), including enhanced PD 332991 resistance to antimicrobials (Hogan & Kolter, 2002) and differential gene expression

(Resch et al., 2005). Biofilm-associated staphylococcal infections, particularly those associated with indwelling medical devices, are not only resistant to conservative therapeutic approaches but also associated with high rates of relapse. Thus, the study of host response to biofilm as compared to the planktonic phenotype represents a novel and intriguing area of research. In the present work, we compare the way immune cells perceive and react to planktonic vs. biofilm phase S. epidermidis cells in terms of cytokines

produced and intracellular survival in immune cells. One BTK inhibitor concentration reference icaADBC positive, PIA-positive, biofilm-producing S. epidermidis strain, ATCC 35983, as well as two clinical strains exhibiting the same profile, was used in this study. The ability of strains to produce biofilm was assessed by Christensen’s method (Christensen et al., 1982), and quantitative detection of biofilm formation was performed using a microtiter plate assay (Koskela et al., 2009). The presence of icaADBC genes was confirmed by PCR (Ziebuhr et al., 1999; Arciola et al., 2001; de Silva et al., 2002). In experiments using planktonic phase cells, bacterial suspensions were inoculated in 2-mL tryptic soy broth medium (BBL, BD) and incubated for 2 h at 37 °C with shaking. In experiments using biofilm phase bacteria, bacterial suspensions

were inoculated in 2 mL TSB and incubated for 24 h. Afterwards, the content was discarded, tubes were rinsed gently three times with PBS and subsequently adherent MG-132 research buy biofilm was detached and homogenized by gentle pipetting. This bacterial suspension was used for experiments involving biofilm phase bacteria. For each bacterial preparation, planktonic or biofilm phase, standard curves were constructed by plating serial dilutions of bacterial suspensions at OD578 nm = 1 on agar plates. These curves were used to adjust bacterial suspensions, planktonic or biofilm, to desirable concentration. In experiments using formalin-fixed bacteria, appropriate bacterial suspensions were washed in PBS and then fixed for 4 h at room temperature in 4% formaldehyde. After fixation, cells were washed in PBS, resuspended in PBS and stored at −20 °C until used. Sterility was ensured by absence of growth in subsequent culture on proper media.