[20]. Chromosomal DNA was isolated from the bacteria using a Puregene DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Bacterial chromosomal DNA from oral specimens was isolated using MORA-extract (Cosmo Bio, Tokyo, Japan). Next, 150 μl of lysis buffer was added to the pellet. The lysed bacteria

were transferred to a tube with glass beads and heated at 90°C for 10 min. The bacterial mixture was then disrupted using a Mini-Bead Beater (BioSpec Products, Bartlesville, OK) with 0.1-mm-diameter glass beads at 4,800 rpm for 2 min. Thereafter, selleck chemicals 200 μl of SDS solution was added and heated at 90°C for 10 min. Next, 400 μl of phenol solution was added and mixed for 1 min. After centrifugation, the aliquot AZD8931 was subjected to ethanol precipitation and dissolved in 20 μl of TE buffer. qPCR To monitor cell numbers, qPCR was performed with S. mutans- and S. sobrinus-specific primers designed using Primer Express 3.0 software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The primers specific for S. mutans and S. gordonii are shown in Table 2. A universal primer was used for confirmation of the presence of chromosomal DNA (Table 2). For confirmation of primer specificities, conventional PCR

was performed using the following thermocycle: 95°C for 5 min, followed by 25 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 47°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 1 min. Quantification of these cells in oral specimens and in vitro biofilm was performed using qPCR with the SYBR green dye to detect the Sm3-15 locus (for S. mutans) and Ss6 locus (for S. sobrinus) amplicons [5]. Bacterial chromosomal DNA was amplified using LightCycler FastStart DNA MasterPLUS SYBR Green I (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany).

Each reaction mixture (total 20 μl) contained 5 buy Alectinib μl of DNA (10 ng/μl), 4 μl of 5× Master Mix, 2 μl each of forward and reverse primer (500 nM each), and 9 μl of pure water. The mixtures were applied to a LightCycler Capillary (Roche Diagnostics). Amplification and detection of specific products were performed using the LightCycler Carousel-based System (Roche Diagnostics) and the following thermocycle: 95°C for 10 min, followed by 45 cycles of 95°C for 10 s, 58°C for 10 s, and 72°C for 12 s. Dissociation curves were generated using the following conditions: 95°C for 1 min, 55°C for 1 min, and then an increase in temperature from 55.0 to 95.0°C with a heating rate of 0.5°C per 10 s. The melting curves with both primer sets showed a single sharp peak (data not shown). DNA concentrations were calculated based on standard curves Bindarit mouse obtained using 10-fold serial dilutions of bacterial DNA. All data are shown as the mean of triplicate experiments.