05). Figure 2 The total training time (minutes) each week in mean ± SD (endurance training time + sprint running time). AKG: α-keto glutarate; BCKA: branched-chain keto acids. Figure 3 The peak maximal isometric torque (Newton meter) in mean ± SD. AKG: α-keto glutarate; BCKA: branched-chain keto acids. Figure 4 The peak isokinetic performance (Watts) in mean ± SD. AKG: α-keto glutarate; BCKA: branched-chain keto acids. The VO2max increased significantly after training and during recovery in all three groups (P<0.01), and there was no significant Selleck MS275 difference among the three groups at each test time point. The Pmax increased in the groups supplemented with KAS after the recovery
period compared with that before training (P<0.05), while the increase in Pmax in the control group was less and was not statistically significant. The endurance selleck inhibitor capacity
assessed by PIAT was increased at the end of training in all three groups, but no statistically significant difference was observed among the groups. The muscle function tests showed that the isometric maximum torque was different at the baseline level among the groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.27). The torque did not change in the control group after training and recovery, but it increased significantly after the recovery week (P<0.05) in the AKG and BCKA groups (Figure 3). Similar results were observed in muscle performance as assessed by the isokinetic measurement (Figure 4). The baseline level of muscle performance was different among the groups, but the difference was not statistically BIBW2992 mouse significant (P = 0.144). Stress-recovery state In the RESTQ-Sport analysis, the general stress was markedly increased in the control group during the third week of the Thymidine kinase training (P<0.05) (Figure 5a), and it did not change in BCKA group (NS). In the AKG group, the general stress was higher at baseline than in the other groups, but it did not change significantly during the study period (NS). Figure 5 The weekly data from the recovery-stress questionnaire
(RESTQ-scores) for general stress (A), somatic complaints (B), emotional exhaustion (C) and disturbed breaks (D). AKG: α-keto glutarate; BCKA: branched-chain keto acids. RESTQ-Scores 0: never; RESTQ-Scores 5: always. For the somatic complaints (Figure 5b), the baseline RESTQ-scores in the control group were higher (but not statistically significant) than in the other groups. These values were essentially unchanged during the entire observation period in the control group, while increasing in the AKG group (P<0.05) and in the BCKA group (P<0.01) during the training phase. Emotional exhaustion assessed by RESTQ-scores increased and reached the highest level during the third week of the training in the control group (P<0.01) (Figure 5c) but did not change significantly in the BCKA group (NS).