aeruginosa giving rise to strains with new genotypes (Mathee et al., 2008). For genetic characterization selleck chemicals llc of P. aeruginosa from different

sources, several typing methods are available, representing efficient tools for molecular epidemiology. So far the most reliable DNA-based typing techniques were the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), being the gold standard for many years (Grundmann et al., 1995) and the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (Maiden et al., 1998). However, the sensitivity of PFGE is limited, and MLST only scans major genetic diversities of the core genome. Therefore, a more informative, rapid and robust PCR microarray system has been developed to characterize genotype of both the conserved core and the accessory genome (Wiehlmann et al., 2007). Genomic analyses on P. aeruginosa have been focusing on clinical strains from humans, but less efforts were made for the genetic characterization of such strains from animals (Daly et al., 1999; Ledbetter et al., 2009; Pirnay et al., 2009). Earlier we have briefly reported on PCR typing of virulence and antimicrobial resistance phenotype of P. aeruginosa of bovine, human, and environmental origin, with some indications for differences in antimicrobial resistances according to the host species (Szmolka et al., 2009). As there were no comparative data

available on detailed genetic analysis of non-clinical commensal strains from animals,

especially from food-producing animals, we decided to extend these phenotyping studies to a genomic level. Here, we hypothesized that animal, environmental, and human strains of P. aeruginosa Cabozantinib concentration Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 of a well-defined geographic region like Hungary may show different genomic patterns depending on their adaptation to specific host or habitat. To address this issue, a representative Hungarian collection of bovine, environmental, and human P. aeruginosa strains was established and genotyped using the PCR microarray system of Wiehlmann et al. (2007). Genotypes of these strains were compared to those of the internationally established collection containing a reference set of 240 strains, mostly from human clinical cases (Wiehlmann et al., 2007), and to the recently reported environmental clones of Selezska et al. (2012). Pseudomonas aeruginosa representing bovine, environmental, and human strains (from years 2001 to 2011) were included in this study. Bovine (non-clinical), randomly selected strains (n = 24) from a total of 755 samples of teat milk, feces and colon contents were isolated in our laboratory (Szmolka et al., 2009) from healthy live or slaughtered dairy cattle of Hungarian spotted and Holstein–Friesian breed from nine small herds, and from one large (> 2000 cattle) farm (Kiscséripuszta). This farm operated one large herd in close association with several smaller herds within an area of 2000 hectare.