g., AD). There is still a limited amount of evidence available with regards to the rates of success for CT programs for individuals experiencing cognitive decline as a result of age-related diseases. To my knowledge, no CT programs have examined the specified role of VS/VM training in affecting generalized cognitive

and functional ability, despite it being currently recognized as a significant factor early in the course Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of cognitive impairments related to cases of AD (Johnson et al. 2009; McKhann et al. 2011). The goal of this pilot program was to examine the effects of CT that focus on using mainly VS/VM tasks as a tool to effect positive changes in cognition and functional ability in individuals experiencing cognitive impairments. A program was developed and designed to address current issues (e.g., duration, regular application, and difficulty) and to use mainly VS/VM elements, and thus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hypothesized to provide sufficient stimulation to halt and/or positively alter overall cognitive performance. Theoretically, we are postulating that if the brain regions (e.g., posterior partial cortex) supporting VS/VM are affected Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical early in the course of an illness like AD (causing initial cognitive impairments), then providing a program of stimulation, not remediation, could serve to protect this area from further

decline and subsequently be available to support other brain regions as cognitive issues arise. Although internal changes in affected brain structure are suggested, the role of this research is in understanding cognitive/behavioral changes Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that can be altered via the CT program, and not in measuring structural/anatomical brain changes that might be

observable with the application of such a program. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical However, understanding the full extent of what VS/VM CT can achieve with regards to overall “brain change” will be a topic for further examination. Material and Methods AG-14699 participants Ten participants were recruited from clinical practices, the local hospital’s geriatric outpatient clinic, and through community advertisements. Inclusion/exclusion criteria required participants to be between 50 and 85 years of age, have an Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) score between Levetiracetam 20 and 26, experience an identified cognitive impairment, and to either be on a stable dose of cholinesterase inhibitors (C.I.) for a minimum of 3 months and/or have no medicative intervention to date (all but one participant was on a stable dose of C.I. at least for 3 months prior to study enrollment). Access to medical history was provided by all participants and any participant with known probable secondary causes of dementia or significant comorbidities, neurological, or psychiatric diseases were excluded. Demographics for participants are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Demographics.