Imaging results Consistent groups The first comparison of interest was activation to all DD task trials versus SMC trials. In the within-group results, consistent HC qualitatively showed more widespread activation, such as in putative executive function areas (the inferior and middle

frontal gyri, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex or dACC, and inferior parietal lobule), attention-related areas (precuneus), and midbrain, to the task than did consistent SZ (Table S2, Fig. S1). In the consistent between-group analysis (Table ​(buy 3-MA Table2,2, Fig. ​Fig.6),6), significantly enhanced activation in DD over SMC trials in the HC (Fig. ​(Fig.6,6, red) occurred in regions including the inferior frontal gyrus; Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical medial wall locations such as dACC extending into supplementary motor area (SMA) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and pre-SMA motor areas; posterior parietal cortex extending into occipital cortex; and subcortically, in the ventral striatum, thalamus, and midbrain. By contrast, greater activation in the SZ group (Fig. ​(Fig.6,6, blue) was found in the insula, with the cluster extending Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical into the frontal operculum and superior temporal gyrus, and in a more posterior medial wall cluster that included the precuneus and posterior and middle cingulate gyrus. Table 2 Consistent patients and consistent

controls: between-group fMRI results for DD task>SMC trials1 Figure 6 Between-group results for activation to task>SMC trials revealed more activation in controls (red) in frontoparietal areas, including inferior frontal gyrus and medial areas of the prefrontal cortex, and subcortically in the striatum and thalamus; … Additional contrasts of interest

were related to DD trial difficulty. Although the within-group analyses of activation to hard>easy trials were not significant Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in HC or in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical SZ, the reverse contrast of easy>hard trials revealed significant results in both groups (Table S3). HC exhibited activation in areas including the middle cingulate gyrus, superior parietal cortex, insula, and middle temporal cortex. SZ showed activation in the superior and middle frontal gyri, middle and posterior cingulate gyrus, inferior parietal Digestive enzyme cortex, and middle temporal cortex. Comparing groups for the difference in activation to easy versus hard trials (Fig. ​(Fig.7,7, Table ​Table3)3) showed an interaction between group and difficulty in one large cluster that included lateral frontal regions such as the superior and middle frontal gyri, medial wall regions such as the dACC extending into the SMA/pre-SMA areas, and parietal locations such as inferior parietal lobule. Table 3 Consistent patients and consistent controls: between-group fMRI results for trial difficulty1 Figure 7 Between-group results for activation to hard>easy trials revealed an interaction between difficulty and group. For controls>consistent patients, the contrast is hard>easy; for consistent patients>controls, the contrast …