This mitigating effect also has been attributed to the inverse ag

This mitigating effect also has been attributed to the inverse agonist effect at CB1 receptors by CBD. Anxiolytic effects of CBD may also be attributed to its agonist effect at the 5-HT1A receptor.91 A pharmaceutical combination product of THC and CBD now exists

as an oral spray consisting of 27 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and 25 mg cannabidiol per mL (100 microliters per administered dose; i.e. 2.7 mg THC and 2.5 mg CBD), extracted from Cannabis sativa L. This formulation is approved in Canada, New Zealand, Israel, and several European countries Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (and possibly seeking US FDA approval in 2013) for the management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS). There are several on-going trials on its efficacy in treating MS-related pain.92 Investigations of the therapeutic value of THC and THC–CBD via oral mucosal delivery in the treatment of various other neuropathic pain conditions show promising Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical albeit modest results.5,73,75,93 The limited efficacy is likely due to the relatively low dose of this Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical combination of cannabinoids. It is important to note that the dose-limiting factor is how much THC may be tolerated. With higher doses via smoking marijuana or inhaling vaporized Cannabis, hyperalgesic and cognitive effects become more pronounced and problematic, especially in cannabis-naïve individuals.94–98 Beyond these trials involving CBD and THC,

comparative or head-to-head studies of High Content Screening individual cannabinoids or various cannabinoid combinations and routes of administration evaluating clinical outcomes are lacking. CANCER PAIN Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The therapeutic role of cannabinoids in cancer treatment, in terms of effects on tumor cells and on cancer pain, is of great interest. Correlations have been found between cannabinoid receptor levels and endocannabinoid activity and cancer severity, pain intensity, and survival.99 For treating refractory cancer-related pain, there is mounting evidence that cannabinoids Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical may be a useful addition to current analgesic treatments. However, to realize the full potential of cannabinoids suggested

by preclinical data, it is likely Bumetanide that peripheral CB1 or CB2 receptors or modulation of endocannabinoids will have to be targeted to achieve analgesia without dose-limiting side effects.100, 101 So far, studies of the efficacy of CBD in cancer pain (as well as in neuropathic pain) have used insufficient doses of CBD (alone or in combination with THC) to determine efficacy.102 Part of this insufficiency may be due to the poor bioavailability of cannabinoids.103 COMBINING PHYTOCANNABINOIDS AND TERPENES: THE ENTOURAGE EFFECT The entourage effect is the term used to describe enhancement of efficacy, with related improvement in overall therapeutic effectiveness, derived from combining phytocannabinoids and other plant-derived molecules.

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