For comparison, three days were chosen which had minimum, mean and maximum APAR of the total stand: a cloudy day at the end of December 2004, a very sunny day in March 2005 and a mean APAR day on the 10th of June 2007. Maestra simulations showed the very sunny day to have 40–95% more light absorption per tree Palbociclib research buy than the average day, and the cloudy day had 92% less light absorption per tree than the average day. The pattern of relative differences between the

trees, however, stayed constant for all comparisons, indicated by very high correlations (r = 0.99) of APAR in all stands. To test the hypotheses in this study, the inter-tree APAR pattern (relative difference) is the center of interest. We decided to calculate APAR for our hypotheses tests using the day with mean APAR to be representative of the whole investigation period. To separate the effects of self-shading (leaves from upper crown shade leaves from lower parts of the crown) from competition (neighboring trees shade the subject tree), we ran Maestra twice while changing only one parameter at a time. First, all trees in each plot were considered in the calculations,

which means that the calculated absorbed light per crown was reduced by shading of other trees, Alectinib concentration and by self-shading (APAR). And second, the effect of neighboring trees was removed, so that only self-shading reduced the absorbed light (APARno_comp). Leaf area efficiency (LAE) was calculated as annual volume increment (AVI) per projected leaf area (dm3 m−2). To get a useful scale of light use efficiency (LUE) we used APAR from the representative day (see Section 2.3.2) and AVI (dm3 MJ−1). To reach a common time-scale, LUE values have to be divided by 365 days. One tree from the thinned mature stand was identified as an outlier, because of an implausibly high efficiency, and was dropped from further analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences between growth classes and treatments. Based on the allometric principle which describes the changes in shapes others of plants, we use double logarithmic regressions (Eq. 2) to obtain information

about general trends. equation(2) ln(y)=α0+α1·ln(x)↔y=expα0·xα1ln(y)=α0+α1·ln(x)↔y=expα0·xα1 All statistical analyses were conducted using the open source software R (R Development Core Team, 2011). For plotwise regressions we used convenient functions of the nlme-package (Pinheiro et al., 2011). The vertical distribution of LA differed substantially between plots, growth classes and dbh-classes. The thinning treatments did not alter the vertical distribution of LA. Once growth classes were considered, vertical LAD did not significantly differ between treatments (except pole-stage1) nor between dbh-classes (except immature). A trend could be observed (Fig. 1), where maximum LAD moved up the crown with growth classes (42.5%, 53.1%, 56.6% and 69.