And wherever possible, we identified the proteins and signaling pathways responsible for these activities. Our strategy was always to first understand normal cholangiocyte function in order to allow the generation of hypotheses relevant to disease.42–66 So, what’s the lesson here? Well, there are several, and they’re all important. First, physician-scientists develop the questions they study in the laboratory from the patients they see in the clinic. Second, don’t always Opaganib mouse listen to your senior colleagues (sorry Jurgen). Third, propose the questions and then make sure you develop the necessary techniques rather than

the other way around (avoid the “have technique, looking for a question” approach). Finally, make sure you’re having fun; insights require enthusiasm. I never purposefully aspired to administrative leadership positions

within academic medicine. Indeed, for the first 10 years of my career, I focused entirely on developing my laboratory and a focused clinical practice, and turned down multiple job opportunities GDC-0068 in vitro as Division Chief at other institutions. However, in the late 1980s, Bob Frye, a world-renowned cardiologist, became the fourth Chair of the Department of Medicine (DOM) at the Mayo Clinic, and asked me to be his Vice-Chair for Research. By then, my laboratory was established and progressing well. In addition, I greatly admired Bob and felt strongly that under his leadership the DOM had the capacity to expand its research enterprise, and so I accepted the position.

I found that I liked medical administration. I enjoyed both developing strategy and executing tactics, and found building something new was professionally rewarding (not unlike what one does in the laboratory). Indeed, colleagues have described my management style as one of “visionary pragmatism”; I like to decide where to go and then execute in getting there. When the position of Chief of GI at the Mayo Clinic became open, I was offered the opportunity and accepted it with enthusiasm. I spent 9 years as Chief of GI and consider my major contributions to be doubling its size by recruiting outstanding individuals, expanding 上海皓元 the research enterprise, and restructuring the division into interest groups and focused clinics. Because of the disciplined approach that I learned from the Jesuits (i.e., “age quod agis”, that is, “do what you’re doing”), as well as my willingness to delegate to the outstanding individuals who helped me lead the division, especially Keith Lindor, I found that I could continue to expand my research program, maintain a focused clinical practice, and lead what ultimately evolved into the largest (some would say the best) division of gastroenterology, all at the same time.