There is also better evidence from twin studies that the familia

There is also better evidence from twin studies that the familial elevation is genetic. Molecular genetic evidence of different genes could confirm the distinction, but this evidence is not yet clearcut.

There is a different sex ratio in bipolar disorder, equal or nearly so, possibly a more equal social class distribution, and some association with milder cyclothymic disorder, although the full status of more recent work on cyclothymia still requires confirmation by validating studies. Treatment response differs, with #selleck products keyword# a better response to maintenance lithium and possibly to anticonvulsants, although in unipolars the evidence is not yet adequate. More manic episodes occur on antidepressants. Bipolar disorder has an earlier Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical onset than severe unipolar disorder, and tends to be more recurrent. Onsets in women are not uncommonly postpartum, particularly in the case of mania. The present review mainly concerns unipolar depression. There have been a number of recent reports comparing

bipolar and unipolar Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical depressions.22-24 In addition to the history features indicated above, bipolar depressions have variously been reported to show more of the following symptom features compared with unipolar: more retardation, hypersomnia, anxiety, mood lability, psychotic features (especially when the age is under 35); less evidence of sad mood, and various somatic complaints. However, often the pictures Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are indistinguishable. Psychotic depression and melancholia/somatic syndrome The greatest controversy of a previous era concerned a dualistic theory of depression, with a dichotomy between what was variously termed psychotic or endogenous depression on the one hand, and neurotic or reactive depression on the other. Starting

in the later 1920s, and throughout the 1930s, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical fierce debates took place, particularly in British psychiatry, between those advancing a dualistic view and those taking a unitary stance, viewing all depressions as part of a single disorder, without any clear separation into subtypes.15 The debate subsided with the greater preoccupations of World War II, and reappeared others in the form of empirical studies using multivariate statistics in the 1960s.16 Terminology was confused. The term “psychotic” refers to a severe disorder with delusions and hallucinations, “neurotic” to a milder disorder without these, and often with the connotation of a vulnerable personality. “Endogenous” and “reactive” refer in this context to absence or presence of life stress.

Innlandet alerted doctors on-call in 38% of the same cases as th

Innlandet alerted doctors on-call in 38% of the same cases as the air ambulances/anaesthetist, Haugesund 68% and Stavanger 78% (p < 0.000). The doctors on-call responded in 64% of the same cases as the air ambulance/anaesthetist in Innlandet, 72% in Haugesund and 53% in Stavanger (p < 0.04). Primary care doctors' involvement in the treatment and the decision regarding the location to which the patients were transported are shown in table ​table2.2. In situations where doctors on-call were not alerted

patients were transported directly to hospitals Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with ambulance twice as often compared to situations where doctors were alerted. 26% of all patients were transported to casualty clinics independently of whether the doctors on-call were alerted or Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical not. When doctors responded with call-out,

more than half of the patients were admitted to hospitals, and when “await” was the response more than 43% of the patients were taken to casualty clinics. When doctors called the EMCCs the majority of the patients were admitted to hospital by doctor’s referral. In both the not life-threatening and the life-threatening cases a fourth of the patients was transported Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with ambulances directly to hospitals without any involvement of doctors. Doctors on-call were involved in 42% of all red response cases. Including daytime activity among rGPs the primary health care services were involved in 50% of the cases. Table 2 Involvement of doctors Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and locations for transport of patients The frequency of alert and responses from the doctors on-call by central and remote municipalities are shown in table ​table3.3. Alert to doctors on-call was highest in central municipalities in all EMCC areas, although not Abiraterone clinical trial statistically significant

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in Stavanger area. However, the number of responses with call-out is higher in remote compared to central municipalities, with smallest difference appearing in Haugesund. Table 3 Alerts and responses by rural and central municipalities The distribution of doctors as caller, alerted doctors and doctors’ response between life and not life-threatening situations is shown in table ​table4.4. When doctors were the callers the majority of the cases were not life-threatening situations. Stavanger EMCC had the highest percentage of alerted doctors in both life-threatening isothipendyl and not life-threatening situations. Innlandet EMCC had the largest difference in alerts between life and not life-threatening conditions. Overall, differences in call-outs between life-threatening and not life-threatening conditions are pronounced when doctors are alerted. In not life-threatening conditions the response “await” was most frequent. In life-threatening conditions doctors on-call in Innlandet responded considerably more often with call-outs when compared to Stavanger and Haugesund. Doctors in the Stavanger area had the highest percentage of “await” as response.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether jaw ROM exercise

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether jaw ROM exercise with a hot pack and massage improve biting disorder. This study was designed as an open study of jaw ROM exercise of DMD patients. Patients and methods Twenty patients with DMD, 16-29 years old, who were admitted to five hospitals were registered in this study. They were not able to sit up without support, did not receive respiratory Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical care during the daytime, had biting disorder, but they ate per os, and did not undergo tube feeding. Two patients stopped the jaw ROM exercise after 4 months

of training, because of cardiac insufficiency. We analyzed the data of 18 patients (21.3 ± 4.1 years old male) excluding data of these two patients. When biting, the jaw joint becomes the fulcrum, and the masseter, temporal muscle, and the medial pterygoid muscle are involved. Among these muscles for biting, the massetter is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical easy to intervene from the body surface (Fig. 1-a). Figure 1. Jaw ROM exercise. The jaw ROM exercise consisted of therapist-assisted training (2 times a week) and self-training (before

each meal). In the therapist-assisted training, the therapist warmed the masseter of the patient with a hot pack and then massaged the masseter to enhance the effect of the jaw ROM exercise. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical To Selleck Belnacasan prepare a hot pack, silica gel was placed in a cloth bag and warmed in hot water of 80°C℃ approximately for 10 min. The warmed bag was covered with a dry towel to protect the skin of the

patient from burning, and wrapped in a plastic bag to maintain temperature. The hot pack was placed on the cheek of the masseter Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical muscle region for 15 minutes and supported with the hands so as not to drop (Fig.1-b). Next, immediately after applying a hot pack, the masseter was massaged from the top to the bottom with both hands 24 times per minute to the degree that the patient did not feel pain (Fig.1-c). Immediately after the massage, the therapist asked the patient to perform Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the jaw ROM exercise repeatedly at his own pace for five minutes. When the patient CYTH4 opened his mouth, the therapist placed a hand under the patient’s chin and applied a mild resistance (Fig. 1-d). In the self-training, the patient performed the jaw ROM exercise in 10 cycles, before each meal three times every day. The therapist-assisted training and self-training were continued for six months. Outcomes were evaluated by measuring the greatest occlusal force and the distance between an incisor of the top and that of the bottom at the maximum degree of opening the mouth. In the greatest occlusal force measurement, we used a bite pressure meter (Occlusal Force Meter GM10 (Nagano Keiki)). Each patient was asked to bite the sensor part of the bite pressure meter with the greatest force (Fig. 2-1a). The target tooth for the occlusal force measurement was the first molar.

Interestingly, Cattermole et al found mid-arm circumference to b

Interestingly, Cattermole et al. found mid-arm circumference to be more accurate and precise than age-based rules for predicting weight in school aged children, and as accurate as the Broselow tape [14]. Krieser et al. [5] showed that parental estimate of

children’s weight was a reliable method of weight estimation; 78% of the 410 children studied had an estimated weight within 10% of their actual weight and the mean difference between estimated and measured weight was −0.6kg [5]. A previous study Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical performed by Harris et al. had demonstrated that out of 100 children from 0–8years of age, 84 had estimated weights within 15% of actual weights when parental estimate was used [15]. Leffler et al. also demonstrated that parental estimate was within 10% of actual weights in 80% of cases [16] and Goldman et al. demonstrated that parental estimate was within 10% of actual weights in 73% of cases [17]. This method would have to be tested further

in a Trinidadian population to determine whether it is as accurate as Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in other countries. It is clear from the previously cited studies from India and South Africa that age-based formulae for estimating weight may not be applicable Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to developing countries, and that studies on these formulae will yield differing results in different settings, given the variation in body habitus between children Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from developed and developing countries. In light of this, formulae used in the first world for weight estimation should be tested before they are adopted in developing countries, such as Trinidad. This

study showed that the APLS formula did not significantly underestimate weight in the 1–5year age group compared to other formulae. This is in click here contrast to the evidence that has been emerging worldwide, where there has been a tendency for the APLS formula to significantly underestimate weight. This may be in keeping with the UNICEF progress for children report, which found a larger proportion of underweight Trinidadian Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical children than in first world countries [18]. This and other evidence suggests that Trinidadian children in this age group weigh less than their all first world counterparts [19]. The Luscombe and Owens formula was no more accurate at estimating weight than the APLS formula in our population. The APLS formula was also found to be marginally more precise than the Luscombe and Owens formula, with 45.6% having estimated weight within 10% of measured weight using the APLS formula as opposed to 42.3% using the Luscombe and Owens formula. The new derived formula ([2.5 × age]+8) was more accurate than either the APLS or Luscombe and Owens formula. However, the overall accuracy and precision of all three formulae were not found to be significantly different. These findings suggest that the APLS formula is acceptable for use in the 1–5year old age group.

The views of supporters and opponents of off-pump CABG have remai

The views of supporters and opponents of off-pump CABG have remained essentially unchanged in the intervening period. A meta-analysis by Afilalo and colleagues23 of almost 9,000 patients

from 59 randomized trials showed no difference between the two techniques in postoperative mortality and myocardial www.selleckchem.com/products/XL880(GSK1363089,EXEL-2880).html infarction but did report a lower incidence of stroke in the off-pump group (1.4% versus Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 2.1%, odds ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.49–0.99). However, an important consideration in many of the randomized trials was the question about the actual surgical experience of those performing the off-pump surgery. Indeed, two trials reporting worse outcomes with off-pump surgery were severely criticized on the basis of the inexperience of the participating surgeons—emphasized by high rates of conversion from off-pump to on-pump surgery.23,24 Two recently Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical published trials provide far more definitive answers. First, the CORONARY Trial, which enrolled 4,752 patients in 79 centers in 19 countries, had previously reported no significant difference at

30 days in the primary composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or new renal failure between the two techniques.25 The trial has now reported the 1-year outcomes26 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and showed no significant difference in the primary composite outcome between off-pump and on-pump CABG (12.1% off-pump versus 13.3% on-pump,

hazard ratio 0.91,P = 0.24). In particular, there was no difference in the incidence of individual components of the primary outcome in terms of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or new renal failure. Furthermore, and in contrast to previous studies, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical there was no significant increase in the incidence of repeat revascularization for off-pump CABG at 1 year. Additionally, there was no difference in neurocognitive outcomes at 1 year between the two groups. The most likely explanation of the differences between Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the findings of the CORONARY Trial and two of the largest previous trials Thymidine kinase reporting inferior outcomes for off-pump CABG is that the CORONARY Trial not only enrolled a far greater number of patients but, crucially, recruited surgeons with a far higher level of surgical expertise in off-pump surgery. A second trial (GOPCABE), which randomized 2,539 patients aged 75 years or older to on-pump and off-pump CABG, has been published very recently.27 Again, the primary outcome was a composite of death, stroke, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, or new renal replacement therapy at 30 days and at 1 year after surgery. The authors reported no significant differences in the composite outcome either at 30 days (7.8% off-pump versus 8.2% on-pump, P = 0.74) or at 12 months (13.1% versus 14%, P = 0.48).

0% of children of mothers on polytherapy

as opposed to a

0% of children of mothers on polytherapy

as opposed to a 3.7% incidence in patients on monotherapy (P=0.01) and 3.5% in women with epilepsy who were not taking AEDs.103 Others described a higher incidence in monotherapy as compared with children of healthy controls or children of mothers with epilepsy but without AFT) intake.108 Combinations with VPA carried a higher risk for malformations than other combinations.103 The combination of VPA and LTG which is commonly used96 was associated with a higher risk of major congenital malformations than the monotherapy with INCB024360 chemical structure VPA126 or any other combination with LTG.81 If the AED treatment. prior to pregnancy is changed from VPA to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical LTG for safety reasons, one should advise the patient about the dangers of falling pregnant while the combination is still taken. Classical AEDs The most, important, finding

concerning teratogenicity that helped to raise awareness in the epilepsy community was the description of neural tube defects under the influence of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical VPA.127 Neural tube defects develop between the 17th and the 30th day of a pregnancy.128 The risk of neural tube defects with VPA is reported to range between 1 % and 2%, with maximum figures of 5.4% during monotherapy.71,122,129 In the present, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical interim analysis of the German EURAP study, no neural tube defect with VPA monotherapy whas been observed.96 Major congenital malformations with VPA monotherapy occur in 6.2% to 11.1%.52,76,103,109,130 Beyond neural tube defects, skeletal abnormalities, cardiovascular, urogenital, and cerebral malformations have been typically reported.106 Dosages beyond 1000 mg per day appear to be associated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with a markedly elevated risk of malformations83,109,131,132 and should therefore be avoided if at all possible. The rate of major congenital malformations with CBZ ranges Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical from 2.2% and 5.7 %.76,103,109

Neural tube defects, cardiac malformations, hip dislocations, inguinal hernias, and hypospadia were reported as typical findings.106 Recent data103,115,116 indicate that the teratogenic potential of CBZ is probably not as high as was previously estimated.110 The UK pregnancy registry reports an incidence of 2.2% of major malformations and thus the lowest rate of all AEDs.103 Neural tube defects were reported in 0.5% to 1.0% in various series.71,122,133 The incidence below rates of congenital major malformations with PRM, PHT, and PB were 14.3%,’3.4% to 9.1% and 5.1% to 12%, respectively.109 Typical malformations under the influence of PHT are cardiac malformations, craniofacial clefts, and skeletal finger abnormalities.118 In addition one should be aware of the fetal hydantoin syndrome that comprises pre – and postnatal growth retardation, microcephalus, and developmental delay combined with the abovementioned malformations.106 Typical malformations with PB therapy are cardiac malformations and craniofacial clefts.

It also showed an improvement in functional class (although less

It also showed an improvement in functional class (although less pronounced in NYHA class IV) and improvement in quality of life, although it did not demonstrate improved survival.39 Fischer et al.40 performed intracoronary infusion of bone marrow-derived cells on 33 patients with dilated nonischemic cardiomyopathy and analyzed hemodynamics and cardiac function by Doppler at 3 months. There was an improvement in

global and segmental contractility, with Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a significant increase in LVEF (30.2%±10.9% to 33.4%±11.5%, P=.001). Dynamics showed a lower coronary vascular resistance index unchanged in the reference vessel diameter, which could result in improved micro- and macrovascular endothelial Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical function; they also showed a significant decrease at 1 year in NT-proBNP levels (1610±993 to 1473±1147 pg/mL, P=0.038), a known neuroimmunomodulator with well-established prognostic

implications in patients with HF.40 Inflammatory Paracrine Response to Stem Cell Therapy Several studies have focused on the ability Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of stem cells to improve or regenerate myocardium by injecting cell suspensions containing either mixed or purified cellular population into the heart. Despite the apparent benefit of this experimental procedure, the mechanisms remain controversial and unclear, leaving large gaps in the understanding of the actual outcome of stem cell therapies and its future implications Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the field of medicine. Few reports have focused on the immunologic aspects of the inflammatory paracrine response to stem cell therapy that might lead to improved cardiac function, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, or vasculogenesis by secreted Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical chemical

mediators via inflammatory cell infiltration and immunologic reactions. Preclinical models have confirmed the main role of paracrine effects as part of stem cell therapy benefits, demonstrating attenuated apoptosis of endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes41 as well as cardiac function improvement42 and tissue perfusion related to angiogenesis and arteriogenesis.43 These effects are apparently significantly related Oxalosuccinic acid to lymphohistiocytic infiltration at stem cell injection sites.44 The importance of monocytes and macrophages in myocardial tissue healing and prevention of ventricular remodeling has been tested in several models45-46 and has shown that macrophages act as producing Selleckchem ROCK inhibitor factors that protect hypoxic cardiac cells from apoptosis.47 Some authors suggest that the beneficial action of stem cells depends on their ability to recruit lymphohistiocytic compounds more than on cell differentiation to new cardiomyocytes, and that the most important positive effects are related to the death of implanted cells in the site of transplantation rather than the intact stem cells by themselves (Figure 2).

This study examines the safety, efficacy, and palliative capacity

This study examines the safety, efficacy, and palliative capacity of re-irradiation with SBRT for isolated

local PDA recurrence. All patients undergoing SBRT at two academic centers from 2008-2012 were retrospectively reviewed to identify those who received re-irradiation with SBRT for isolated local recurrence or progression of PDA after previous conventionally fractionated CRT. Information regarding demographics, clinicopathologic characteristics, therapies received, survival, symptom palliation, and toxicity was obtained from Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patient charts. Kaplan-Meier statistics were used to analyze survival and the log-rank test was used to compare survival among patient subgroups. Eighteen patients were identified. Fifteen had previously Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical undergone resection with neoadjuvant or adjuvant CRT, while 3 received definitive CRT for locally advanced disease. Median CRT dose was 50.4 Gy [interquartile range (IQR), 45.0-50.4 Gy] in 28 RAD001 supplier fractions. All patients subsequently received gemcitabine-based maintenance chemotherapy, but developed isolated local disease recurrence or progression without evidence of distant metastasis. Locally Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical recurrent or progressive disease was treated with SBRT to a median dose of 25.0 Gy (range, 20.0-27.0 Gy) in 5 fractions. Median survival from SBRT was

8.8 months (95% CI, 1.2-16.4 months). Despite having similar clinicopathologic disease characteristics, patients who experienced local progression greater than vs. less than 9 months after surgery/definitive

CRT demonstrated superior median survival (11.3 vs. 3.4 months; P=0.019) and progression-free survival (10.6 vs. 3.2 months; P=0.030) after SBRT. Rates of freedom from local progression at 6 and 12 months after SBRT were 78% (14 of 18 patients) and 62% (5 of 8 patients), respectively. Effective symptom Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical palliation was achieved in 4 of 7 patients (57%) who reported symptoms of abdominal or back Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical pain prior to SBRT. Five patients (28%) experienced grade 2 acute toxicity; none experienced grade ≥3 acute toxicity. One patient (6%) experienced grade 3 late toxicity in the form of small bowel obstruction. In conclusion, re-irradiation with hypofractionated SBRT in this salvage scenario appears to be a safe and reasonable option for palliation of isolated local PDA recurrence or progression following previous conventional CRT. Patients with a progression-free interval Linifanib (ABT-869) of greater than 9 months prior to isolated local recurrence or progression may be most suitable for re-irradiation with SBRT, as they appear to have a better prognosis with survival that is long enough for local control to be of potential benefit. Key Words: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), pancreatic cancer, local recurrence, re-irradiation Introduction Recurrent pancreatic cancer after definitive treatment with multimodality therapy universally portends a dismal prognosis, with 5-year survival rates of 5.6% or less (1,2). Unfortunately, this scenario is not uncommon.

It is worth remembering that antipsychotics and antidepressants

It is worth remembering that antipsychotics and antidepressants were shown to be effective (to just about everyone’s satisfaction) without the ‘advantage’ of randomized, controlled trials. Each paper, in its own way, calls for better integration of evidence-based ideals with clinical observation.
The International Classification of Diseases 10 [World Health Organization, 1992] characterizes depression Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by three core symptoms: low mood, anhedonia and low energy levels. Other symptoms include reduced concentration and self-esteem, ideas of self-harm, disturbed sleep and diminished appetite, which must persist for 2 weeks minimum. Variation in symptomatology Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical distinguishes

between mild, moderate and severe depression. In regards to management, antidepressants are first-line

treatment for moderate and severe depression, whereas ‘watchful-waiting’, exercise and problem solving are recommended for mild depression [Anderson et al. 2008]. The serendipitous discovery that iproniazid and imipramine elevate mood implicated a central role of the monoamine system in depression pathology. Thus, all commercially available antidepressants increase levels of serotonin (5HT), norepinephrine (NE) and/or dopamine (DA) via different therapeutic mechanisms. First-generation antidepressants include tricyclic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical antidepressants (TCAs) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), however they frequently possess undesirable side-effects, and toxic effects in overdose, limiting their application. click here Newer-generation antidepressants, including the well-known

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are more selective and offer improved safety and tolerability (see Table 1 for a selective review of antidepressants; note, however, that this table does not represent an exhaustive review of the antidepressants currently available [Gelder et al. 2006]). Table 1. Review of antidepressants: therapeutic mechanism and side-effects. Efficacy of antidepressant: a picture of bliss Clinical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical trials provide compelling evidence for antidepressant effectiveness, with thousands of positive trials over the past five decades [Hollon et al. 2002]. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the PDK4 gold-standard methodology for assessing efficacy, in which patients are assigned in a double-blind fashion to a placebo (inert ‘sugar pill’) or active-drug group. Meta-analyses of RCTs typically report antidepressants as 20–30% more effective than placebo, with higher response rates (50% reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS] scores) and improved remission rates (HDRS score of less than 8) [Davis et al. 1993; Walsh et al. 2002; Arroll et al. 2005]. Meta-analyses indicate antidepressant effectiveness varies as a function of symptom severity, with greatest efficacy in severe depression.

In many species of snails and slugs, the receptor cells of the ol

In many species of snails and slugs, the receptor cells of the olfactory epithelia (located on the two optical tentacles) send axons through olfactory nerves to a pair of cerebral ganglia (Hubendick 1955).

Electrophysiological and imaging analyses have demonstrated that olfactory information processing and olfactory learning in many species of slugs and snails occurs in the procerebrum located at the point Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical where the olfactory nerve joins the cerebral ganglion (Chase 1985; Gelperin and Tank 1990; this website Kimura et al. 1998; Straub et al. 2004; Ierusalimsky and Balaban 2010). The procerebrum consists of a layer of small, densely packed cell bodies and two separate layers of neuropil. The procerebrum shares several characteristics with the olfactory bulb of mammals, including large, spontaneous oscillations in the local field potential (Delaney et al. 1994) that are changed in frequency and amplitude by odor stimulation (Gelperin and Tank 1990; Gervais et al. 1996; Gelperin 1999). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Work with the slug, Limax maximus, has shown that odor-cued associative conditioning alters the activity of procerebral neurons in a

spatially specific way (Kimura et al. 1998; Teyke et al. 2000). Given the small size of the nervous systems of snails and slugs: ~80,000–100,000 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cells, approximately 75% of which are in the procerebra (Gelperin and Tank 1990; Balaban 2002), it is likely that the procerebrum plays a critical role in sensory processing in general, not just olfactory processing. Investigating a snail model in which a sensory modality other than olfaction is a significant determinant of behavior can shed light on the extent that the procerebrum is involved in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical processing of information in other sensory modalities. Snails, similar to other gastropods, secrete mucus from their foot which aids in locomotion, acting as both glue and a lubricant (Denny 1980a,b1980b). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The mucus is left behind by the animal, forming a trail. Many species of gastropod have been reported to follow mucus trails of their own and other species to find mates, return to a “home” location, and in some cases to catch prey (for

review see (Wells and Buckley 1972; Ng et al. 2013). Euglandina rosea, the rosy wolfsnail, is a carnivorous land snail native to the Southeastern U.S. It tracks down its prey (other snails and slugs) as well as potential mates by following the mucus trails they leave behind. Euglandina snails follow STK38 mucus trails using a sophisticated chemosensory system that is separate from olfactory sensing (Chiu and Chou 1962). Previous work has shown that the sensory epithelia adapted for detecting mucus are on the long, mobile lip extensions that are absent in other snail species (Cook 1985a,b1985b; Clifford et al. 2003). While tracking prey, the Euglandina constantly touch their lip extensions to the trail being followed.